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Transcript
An overview of the Cold War TURN TO A PARTNER • What is communism, who invented it and why would it seem like a good system to the people? • Proletariat and Bourgeoisie • 1st World – American and it’s capitalist countries • 2nd World – Soviet Union and it’s “allies” • 3rd World – Neutral countries The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations GOAL spread worldwide Communism WEAPONS: US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] 1. Spying [KGB vs. CIA] 2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation] 3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars” Pawns and Domino Theory • The cold war was a long conflict between the USSR and US that would not lead to direct fighting, but rather fighting for control of other countries • Domino theory – US fear that if one country falls to communism, than surrounding countries would follow • Vietnam, Korea, Cuba and Berlin all pawns in this game • Europe is in Ruins, shattered by the fighting of WW2. It’s great countries lie open to communist influence, and Stalin desires to dominate the continent. • The main fear is that the standard of living is so low in Europe, it’s citizens will turn to communism, and fall under Soviet Dominance • Turn to a Partner - How should president Truman react to this problem? The Truman Doctrine • Truman stated the Doctrine would be "the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." • These "totalitarian regimes" coerced "free peoples," they represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. • Saved Greece and Turkey from Communist revolutions by funding dictators 1948 Marshall Plan This plan gives money to European Countries to help rebuilt their economies. This plan is a huge success in rebuilding Western Europe. The Marshall Plan The Division of Berlin Soviets order blockade of Berlin Hope to choke off the city from capitalism and absorb it into East Germany George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT Goals Means Actual Application 1. Restoration of the balance of power Encouragement of selfconfidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion. Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan] 2. Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power. Exploitation of tensions in international communism. Cooperation with communist regimes; [supporting Titoism in Yugoslavia] People wanted peace… …and needed the world put back together again. The Bipolarization of Europe • NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Warsaw pact – Soviet Union and it’s satellite Nations • Soviet Union really needed to create a defensive buffer zone (test question) Berlin Airlift 1948-1949 Russia closes all land routes to the City of Berlin in hope of driving the Western allied countries out. U.S. responds by delivering all the supplies the city needs by aircraft. Russia eventually gives up. ..the Berlin Wall… The Berlin Wall 1961 1949 A. Russia creates the Atomic Bomb. 1949 China is taken over by Mao Zedong, and his communist forces. West Germany is created out of the three western allied zones. East Germany is then created by the Russians. • Winston Churchill – An Iron Curtain has been draped across Europe dividing the free world and the Soviet sphere • Containment – The idea that we cannot attack the Soviet’s directly, but we can contain communism and prevent it from spreading Turn to a Partner • Vietnam is a country that gained it’s independence from France. However, it’s government chooses to become communist. • Should the United States interfere? Cold War v.s. Self determination • United Nations – Global organization promoting peace and human rights • Decolonialization – Former colonies of Europe gain their freedom. They look for self determination, but the U.S. and Soviets look to influence them towards communism/capitalism • Their civil war is our cold war-examples –Korea, Vietnam, Cuba People wanted peace… …and needed the world put back together again. 1950’s Space Race begins 1957 Russians launch sputnik into orbit. The U.S. races to catch up to the Russians and surpass them. Race to the Moon begins in Cold War duel. Nikita Khrushchev – Important Soviet Leader Korean War [1950-1953] Korean War [1950-1953] Communist North Invades Capitalist South “Domino Theory” U.S. and United Nations declare war to protect S. Korea even though it is a dictatorship Turn to a Partner • Pretend to be President Truman. You don’t want communism spreading, but in order to stop it you have to risk American lives to support a capitalist dictator. • What do you do? The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953] The Korean War 1950-1953 • U.S. Comes to the Aid of the south, but China joins the fight and pushes U.S. back with millions of troops “human wave” • A stalemate occurs • General MacArthur pushes to use the Atomic bomb against the Chinese. • Truman fires him for insubordination • Ends in ceasefire CASTRO AND THE BAY OF PIGS • Fidel Castro and his brother over through the US backed dictatorship in Cuba to set up a communist government • Kennedy Sponsors an invasion of Cuba to topple the communist regime • Castro reaches out to USSR for help The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 • Kennedy vs. Khrushchev for the fate of the world The Cuban Missile Crisis • American spy plane sees the Soviets moving missiles into communist Cuba, let by Castro. Right on America’s doorstep • U.S. and USSR come to the brink of Nuclear war • Kennedy sets up a blockade and demands the USSR remove missiles. • U.S. Agrees to not invade Cuba to overthrow Castro, Khrushchev removes missiles National Defense Budget [1940-1964] The Cold War 1980 Solidarity Union starts in Poland, is given support by Pope John Paul II First cracks in the Iron Curtain Sensing this, America’s president, Ronald Reagan, decided to try to end the Cold War by bankrupting the Soviet Union. He spent over a trillion dollars on new military technology in the 1980s.