Download Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography
“Inflammation: Immune Protection or Disease Process?”
Mary Weis, Department of Biology
Study Grant: Summer III 2008
A presentation of the study grant findings was given during the faculty
professional development week at CPC to those interested individuals who wanted to
learn more about the immune system’s involvement in disease processes and how to
minimize the effects of a potentially destructive force of chemicals whose primary role
should be targeted at body defenses.
In summary, most of my research was done via journal articles to update my
current understanding of the immune cytokines, particularly interleukins, and their role in
the inflammatory process and chronic diseases. A formal bibliography follows the
annotated discussion.
For the general public, I would direct them to the original Time Magazine article
on The Secret Killer: Inflammation and Chronic Disease as well as several books that
address the topic: The Inflammation Syndrome by Jack Chellam; Can Stress Heal? By
Dr. Kenneth Cooper; and the Anti-Inflammation Zone by Dr. Barry Sears. All of these
are written with the general public in mind and explain why inflammation is the
underlying cause in so many chronic and debilitating diseases. The Time article
summarizes the research being done at the time and chronicles the history of our
understanding about chronic diseases. Jack Chellam’s book puts into perspective the
environmental influences that trigger long term immune responses which put the body at
risk for heart disease, cancer, arthritis, and many more conditions. The AntiInflammation Zone is a dietary way of decreasing inflammation and promoting healing.
Other summary reference articles can be easily found by typing in key words (stress,
inflammation, disease) such as Dr. Richard Weinstein’s website article that addresses the
link between stress and illness.
For the more scientific reader, I would recommend Immunobiology by Janeway
and Cellular and Molecular Immunity by Abbas as they describe the intricate and
complicated signaling pathways involved in immune communication and the etiology and
pathogenesis of diseases due to the chronic inflammatory response. Many articles from
the National Institutes of Health published by the National Library of Medicine on Pub
Med are also a good resource on specific topics such as inflammatory cytokines and the
inflammatory response syndrome as well as journal articles published in the Journal of
Neuroinflammation that reflect research for Alzheimer’s Disease and Hepatic IschemiaReperfusion injury. The anticancer website has a very detailed discussion on the various
immune cytokines, their function, and problems if left uncontrolled.
Much of my initial research on the cytokines focused on creating a table of
functions for the over 30 interleukins for my A&P II students so that they can appreciate
the numerous chemicals and their complexity of function (if known) to show the need for
a well regulated communication mechanism between the immune, endocrine, and
nervous systems. I hand these out to students when we start the immune system topic of
Cell Mediated Immunity and have them learn the more important ones such as IL-1, IL-2,
IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. Several websites were used and of no real interest in having the
readers review other than a possible desire to compare data and summarize the effects of
these and other chemicals.
Both groups would be interested in reading about the dietary changes that are
needed in order to combat this problem and promote life long health. These articles
include information on vitamins and minerals, probiotics, herbs, fish oils, dental hygiene
practices, and overall food choices to choose the super foods such as fish, pumpkin,
sunflower seeds, asparagus, berries, sweet potatoes, apples, lentils, broccoli, and onions
to name a few. Drug research on inflammation also led to the development of medicines
to help decrease the pain and debilitating effects of inflammation, especially those that
deal with COX-2 inhibition. Newer drugs are being developed that focus on leukotrienes,
another inflammatory mediator created during the inflammatory response.
After researching the immune cytokines and their roles in inflammation, I have
come to understand the importance of requesting additional medical screening tests for
homocysteine, C reactive protein, IL-6, and C3 levels in addition to the lipid panel
(HDL/LDL cholesterol and triglycerides) that are normally run during annual exams. A
list of recommended tests was handed out after the presentation and I also give this to
students in the health sciences so that these tests can be done for their patients and
appropriate therapy be initiated or used as prognostic indicators of treatment response.
Reflecting on the knowledge gained, there is still much to be learned. My
intention is to focus on the function of complement protein C3 and tumor suppressor gene
p53. Current research on the C3 protein and p53 has lead to discoveries about genetic
mutations that are triggered in the cell. Both of these chemicals are important signals, not
only to promote or stop inflammation, but they have been linked to all types of cancer,
one of my research interests.
Bibliography
Gorman, Christine, and Park, Alice. “The Secret Killer.” Time Magazine. 23 February, 2004.
Sears, Barry. The Anti-Inflammation Zone. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
Challem, Jack. The Inflammation Syndrome. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
Cooper, Kenneth. Can Stress Heal? Nashville. Thomas Nelson, 1997.
Weinstein, Robert. “How stress made you sick.”
http://www.richardweinsteindc.com/disorders.htm
Huether, Sue and McCance, Kathryn. Understanding Pathophysiology, 4th edition: St.
Louis: Mosby/Elsevier, 2008.
Janeway, Charles. Immunobiology, 5th edition. New York: Garland Science, 2007.
Abbas, Abul. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 6th edition. Philadelphia:
Saunders/Elsevier, 2007.
Frazier, Margaret. Essentials of Human Disease and Condition. Philadelphia:
Saunders/Elsevier, 2009.
Finley, Lauren. “C3: Complement Opsinogen and Inflammatory Mediator.” Davidson
College. Jan 2006. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/immunology
“The role of C-Reactive Protein in the Evaluation and Management of Infants with
Suspected Sepsis.” Advanced Neonatal Care 2003, 3(1): 3-13.
“Chemical Mediators of Acute Inflammation.”
http://pro2services.com/lectures/fall/infmeds/infmed.htm
“Oxidative Stress.” http://www.immunitytoday.com/oxstres.html
“The interaction between the immune system and tumors.”
http://www.anticancer.ent/resan/basis.html
“Cox-2 inhibitors – overview of Cox-2 inhibitor drugs.”
http//:www.medicinenet.com/cox-2_inhibitors/article.htm
“Omega-3 Fatty Acids.” http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/omega-3-000316.htm
Komarova, Eleana. “p53 is a suppressor of inflammatory response in mice.” FASEB
Journal. 5 April 2005. http://ww.fasebj.org
Toumi, H and Best, T.M. “The inflammatory response: friend or enemy for muscle
injury?” Br J Sports Med 2003; 37:284-287. BMJ Publishing. http://bjsm.bmj.com
Fleming, Jennifer and Norenberg, Michael. “The cellular inflammatory response in
human spinal cords after injury.” Brain 2006, 129(12):3249-3269.
http://brain.oxfordjournals.org
Rodriguez-Yanez, M and Castellanos, M. “New-onset hypertension and inflammatory
reponse/poor outcomes in acute ischemic stroke.” Neurology 2006; 67:1973-1978.
http://www.neurology.org
Crockett, Elahe and Spielman, William. “Sex differences in inflammatory cytokine
production in hepatic ischemia-reprofusion.” Journal of Inflammation 2006, 3:16.
http://www.journal-inflammation.com
Seymour, R.M. and Henderson, B. “Pro-inflammatory—anti-inflammaotyr cytokine
dynamics mediated by cytokine receptor dynamics in monocytes.” Mathematical
Medicine and Biology 2001 18(2):159-192. http://imammb.oxfordjournals.org
Patel, Nikunj and Paris, Daniel. “Inflammatory cytokine levels correlate with amyloid
load in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease.” Journal of Neuroinflammation
2005, 2:9. http://www.jneuroinflammation.com
Rangel-Fraousto, MS. “The Natural History of the systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS).” JAMA: 11 Jan 1995. NCBI: PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
“Eicosanoids and inflammatory response.” PNAS: 18 Jul 2006. http://www.newsmedical.net
Malo, Madhu and Biswas, Shaluk. “The Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Il-1 and TNF-a.”
DNA and Cell Biology, Dec 2006, Vol.5, No.12: 684-695. http://www.liebertonline.com
Rittner, H.L. and Machelska, H. “Leukocytes in the regulation of pain and analgesia.”
Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2005:78: 1215-1222. http://www.jleukbio.org
Kassiotis, George and Kollias, George. “TNF and receptors in organ-specific
autoimmune disease.” Journal of Clinical Investigations. 2001 Juen 15; 107(12): 15071508. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
Dandreas, T and Bloomberg, A. “Differential inhibition of inflammatory cytokine release
from cultured alveolar macrophages form smokers and non-smokers by NO2.” Human
Experimental Toxicology: 16 Oct 1007. NCBI: PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Wang, Su He and Bretz, James D. “A unique combination of inflammatory cytokines
enhances apoptosis of thyroid follicular cells and transforms nondestructive to destructive
thyroiditis in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.” The Journal of Immunology, 2002,
168: 2470-2474.
Koenig, Wolfgang. “Heart disease and the inflammatory response.” BMJ 2000 July 22;
321 (7255): 187-188. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov