Download Quarter 4 Study Guide

Quarter 4 Study Guide
Name:________________________________________________________________
Define the following terms:
1.
Osmosis: the movement of water molecules across a selectively
permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of
lower water concentration.
2.
Diffusion: the movement of molecules in a gas or a liquid, across a
selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area
of lower concentration until the molecules are evenly spread out.
3.
Immunity: the body’s ability to fight infection
4.
Active transport: the movement of ions across a cell membrane against
the concentration gradient. This type of transport requires energy in the form of
ATP.
5.
Phagocytosis: the action of macrophages engulfing and digesting foreign
organisms.
6.
Antibodies: specific proteins that are made by lymphocytes (a type of
white blood cell) to fight infections and viruses.
7.
Cancer: uncontrolled growth and cell division that results in a tumor
8.
Macrophages: A type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests foreign
organisms such as bacteria
9.
Mitochondria: organelle where the aerobic phases of cellular respiration
takes place
10.
Cell wall: the outer part of plant cells that provides stability and support for
the cell.
11.
Phospholipid: part of the cell membrane that contains a hydrophilic head
and hydrophobic tail region
12.
Plasmolysis:
13.
The process in plant cells where the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell
wall due to the loss of water through osmosis.
Cellular respiration:
Allows organisms to use (release) energy stored in the chemical bonds of
glucose. The energy in glucose is used to produce ATP.
14.
Negative feedback:
A mechanism in biological processes that limits any deviation from the
norm, i.e. tries to keep the body at its set point.
15.
Lactic acid accumulation:
Builds up in the muscles of mammals are a result of strenuous exercise
that causes the body to respire anaerobically.
16.
Infectious disease
An infection that can be easily spread by a pathogen
17.
What is meant by the term homeostasis and give an example.
A system that regulates the internal environment of an organism.
Examples include body temperature, blood glucose levels and carbon
dioxide concentration in the body
18.
Describe the role of the endocrine system. Give an example in your
answer.
To secrete hormones that will target cells or tissues to bring about a
response. Examples include somatotrophin secreted from the pituitary
gland that stimulates growth of long bones, sex hormones from sex
organs to give secondary sexual characteristics.
19.
Why are nerve cells important?
They communicate instructions to different areas of the body so that it
functions efficiently.
20.
How do animal cells and plant cells differ?
Plant cells have a cell wall, a vacuole and in the case of green plants,
chloroplasts.
21.
Where does cellular respiration take place?
In the cytoplasm for glycolysis and the mitochondria for the other two
phases of respiration.
22.
Where does protein synthesis take place?
At ribosomes
23.
Explain how a vaccination works.
24.
25.
Patients are exposed to a harmless form of the virus to stimulate the
body’s immune system to create antibodies against it.
Why do you breathe heavily after an intense workout or run?
Because of a build up of carbon dioxide in the blood.
What do the endocrine and nervous system in humans have in common?
They both communicate with cells, giving them instructions for what to do.
26.
How are the activities of the body systems in complex animals
coordinated?
Through the nervous system and the endocrine system.
27.
What makes enzymes specific to their substrate?
The active site of an enzyme is complementary to the shape of the
specific substrate that it works on. They fit together like a lock and key.
28.
If a person produces a great deal of sweat while working out, will this have
any impact on the kidneys? Give a reason for your answer.
The volume of urine produced will be less as the person has lost water via
sweat. The body will try to conserve the rest of the water that it has by
only producing a small volume of urine.
29.
Why is someone with AIDS likely to develop an infectious disease?
Their immune system does not work well / has been destroyed
30.
Put the following in order from simplest to largest.
Organ, tissues, atoms, molecules, cells
Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organ
Notes
The three parts to the cell theory are as described below:
1.
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2.
The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all
organisms.
3.
All cells come from pre-existing, living cells.

There are four main blood groups:
o
A, B, AB and O
o
Blood can also be either Rhesus positive (Rh+) or Rhesus negative
(Rh-)
o
Before blood transfusions are done, patients must be tested to see
what blood group they are and a match must be made

If the wrong blood is transfused, the red blood cells may clump together
and block a blood vessel.

This could cause serious damage to the tissues and death of the patients
Study the table opposite carefully
What do you notice about the
blood group and the antigen
markers that it has?
The antigenic marker is the same
as the blood group
What do you notice about the
blood group and the antibodies it
has?
The antibodies are the opposite for
blood groups A and B. Blood
group AB does not have any
antigenic marks and blood group O
has both.
Label the diagram of the heart below. Use the word bank to help you.
Aorta, Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Left atrium, Right atrium, Left ventricle,
Right ventricle, Semi-lunar valve, Bicuspid valve, Tricuspid valve
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Left atrium
Right atrium
Bicuspid valve
Semi-lunar valve
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Right
ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Semi-lunar valve
Label the diagram of the heart below. Use the word bank to help you.
Nasal cavity, lung, bronchi, bronchioles, diaphragm, trachea
Label the diagram of the heart below. Use the word bank to help you. Some words can
be used more than once.
vena cava, kidney, aorta, renal artery, renal vein, bladder, ureter, urethra