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Transcript
The end of Archaic Greece: Classicism Beginse The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between several Greek city-states and the Persian Empire that started in 499 BC and lasted until 448 BC. At this time Persia controlled a great empire, and wanted Greece to be a part of it. After years of difficult fighting, the Greeks united to defeat the Persians in the battle of Salamis. This victory forever separated the western civilizations of Europe and eastern civilizations of Asia. This victory for Greece marks the beginning of the Classical period. Early Classical/Transitional Period: -Greek city-states defeated Persians in 479 BCE -Victory gave Greeks confidence- helped advance their art/ culture Kritios Boy, ca. 480 BCE Compare and contrast the Classical Kritios Boy with the late Archaic statue of the warrior Kroisos Kritios Boy, ca. 480 BCE !"#$%#%!"#$%&'(')!*+,,-,!-$.!/01!23! Diffs btwn Kritios Boy and Archaic sculpture: -No more rigid, Egyptian-inspired stance -Right hip slightly down to show shift of weight (contrapposto) -head slightly turned and tilted -no archaic smile Kritios Boy, ca. 480 BCE Contrapposto is when a figure stands with one leg holding its full weight and the other leg relaxed. This classic pose causes the figure’s hips and shoulders to rest at opposite angles, giving a slight s-curve to the entire torso. In this example the red lines show where his muscles are tensed and the blue ones where his muscles are relaxed. Early Classical or Transitional Period Riace Warrior: -Bronze allowed more details of anatomy - Inlaid eyes, silver teeth/eyelashes, copper lips/nipples Riace Warrior, ca. 470-460 BCE, Bronze Polykleitos -Wrote “Canon of Polykleitos,” set of mathematical rules for human sculpture Doryphoros – The ‘Spear-Bearer’ Myron: -First example of showing vigorous motion in a Greek statue -This is Roman copy in marble (original was bronze) -Most knowledge of Greek sculpture comes from Roman copies Myron, Diskobolos (Discus Thrower), Roman copy after a bronze original of ca. 450 BCE Classical Greek Art: Video Questions: 1) What discovery was made off the coast of Italy by an Italian fisherman? 2) How was the Krition/Kritios boy different from Archaic Greek sculptures? What made it look so naturalistic? 3) What did Greek artist Polykleitos do to make his sculptures look so balanced? 4) Why are the Riace Warrior statues considered “unrealistic”? Classical Greek Art: Video Questions: Please Note- for your flashcards this week, you MUST include the period of Greek art each piece was made (Early/High Classical, Late Classical, Hellenistic, etc.) Next, list the artist, then title, tehn date. Early/High Classical Greek Myron Diskobolos 450 BCE Exit Slip: Write ONE sentence explaining what you think Greek figurative sculpture reveals about Ancient Greek culture. In other words, based on the art the Ancient Greeks created, what can we learn about them as people? What was important to them? The ACROPOLIS -Acropolis means “City on the Edge” -The Acropolis refers to the one in Athens -Rebuilt under leadership of Pericles after Persian attacks in 478 BCE -A holy center with many temples to Greek gods 3 main structures on Acropolis: The Parthenon, The Temple of Athena Nike and the Erechtheion An image of the Acropolis today: notice how it is strategically built on a hill for safety The PROPYLAIA The Propylaia is the entranceway into the Acropolis PARTHENON TEMPLE of ATHENA NIKE PROPYLAIA The PROPYLAIA The Propylaia is the entranceway into the Acropolis Designed by Mnesikles and began construction in 437 BCE Parthenon, Temple of Athena Parthenos, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 447-438 BCE The PARTHENON -Constructed by the order of Pericles to honor Athena -Architects: Iktinos and Kallikrates -Considered ideal/perfect Doric Temple -Followed strict mathematical proportions The PARTHENON -centerpiece of Parthenon was statue of Athena in the main cella -Designed by Phidias -Made of gold and ivory -approximately 38 feet tall. Although no longer around, Ancient copies and literary descriptions have allowed scholars to produce fairly accurate reconstructions. Here’s a model of what the ACROPOLIS looked like in it’s heydey. The TEMPLE of ATHENA NIKE -Nike means "Victory" in Greek -Earliest Ionic temple on the Acropolis Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 427-424 -citizens worshipped the goddess in hope of victory in the long war against the Spartans Artist’s Rendering of what the Temple of Athena Nike probably looked like in it’s prime. Classical or “Golden Age” Period - Built on ruins of an archaic temple to Athena -Dedicated to Athena and legendary Athenian citizens The Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 421-405 BCE -Ionic style CARYATIDS: Greek columns shaped like women (In Egypt, they had similar columns of MEN called ATLANTIDS.) Early Classical/ Classical Greek Review: 1) What major event marked the end of the Archaic period? 2) Who was Pericles? 4) Which goddess was the Parthenon dedicated to? 5) What is the Acropolis? 6) Who is Polykleitos? What famous statue was he known for creating? 7) Describe hallow bronze casting. 8) What is significant about the “Diskobolos” sculpture? 9) What is contrapposto? 10) How do we know so much about Classical Greek sculptures if many of the originals did not survive? The marble decoration of the Parthenon is now in the British Museum in London ("Elgin Marbles"). This is a fragment, showing reclining gods who are waiting for the beginning of a great procession. The ERECHTHEION Built between 421-406 BC, the Erechtheion is situated on the most sacred site of the Acropolis. It is said to be where Poseidon left his trident marks in a rock, and Athena's olive tree sprouted, in their battle for possession of the city. Named after Erechtheus, one of the mythical kings of Athens, the temple was a sanctuary to both Athena and Poseidon. The south is the Porch of the Caryatids, the maiden statues which the originals are now in the Acropolis Museum. (One of the 6 is still part of the Lord Elgin marbles collection in the British Museum.) PARTHENON Doric Order ERECHTHION Ionic Order Classical or “Golden Age” Period Lasted from about 450-400 BCE Sparta and Athens became enemies ELGIN MARBLES – Statue Pieces from the Parthenon that Lord Elgin (Thomas Bruce) recovered from ruins and sold to British Government The Parthenon, completed in 438 BCE. Sculptural designs by PHIDIAS