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Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, and Conservation Biology G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 9 Key Concepts Factors affecting population size Species reproductive patterns Species survivorship patterns Conservation biology and human impacts on ecosystems Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity Population dynamics Zero population growth (ZPG) Biotic potential Environmental resistance Carrying capacity Minimum viable population (MVP) Population Dispersion Fig. 9-2 p. 191 Factors Affecting Population Size Exponential and Logistic Growth Fig. 9-4 p. 192 Fig. 9-5 p. 193 Fig. 9-6 p. 193 Figure 9-5 Page 193 Number of sheep (millions) 2.0 1.5 1.0 .5 1800 1825 1850 1875 Year 1900 1925 Population Density Effects Density-independent controls Density-dependent controls Natural Population Curves Fig. 9-7 p. 194 The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size Predator-prey cycles Fig. 9-8 p. 195 Reproductive Patterns and Survival Asexual reproduction r-selected species Sexual reproduction K-selected species Fig. 9-10 p. 196 r-Selected Species cockroach dandelion Many small offspring Little or no parental care and protection of offspring Early reproductive age Most offspring die before reaching reproductive age Small adults Adapted to unstable climate and environmental conditions High population growth rate (r) Population size fluctuates wildly above and below carrying capacity (K) Generalist niche Low ability to compete Early successional species K-Selected Species elephant saguaro Fewer, larger offspring High parental care and protection of offspring Later reproductive age Most offspring survive to reproductive age Larger adults Adapted to stable climate and environmental conditions Lower population growth rate (r) Population size fairly stable and usually close to carrying capacity (K) Specialist niche High ability to compete Late successional species 5,000 Moose population Wolf population 3,000 100 90 80 2,000 70 60 50 40 1,000 30 20 500 10 0 1900 1910 1930 1950 Year 1970 1990 2000 1999 Number of wolves Number of moose 4,000 Survivorship Curves Fig. 9-11 p. 198 Conservation Biology: Sustaining Wildlife Populations Investigate human impacts on biodiversity Ideas for maintaining biodiversity Endangered species management Wildlife reserves and ecological restoration Ecological economics Environmental ethics Wildlife management Human Impacts on Ecosystems Habitat degradation and fragmentation Ecosystem simplification Genetic resistance Predator elimination Introduction of non-native species Overharvesting renewable resources Interference with ecological systems Learning from Nature Interdependence Diversity Resilience Adaptability Unpredictability Limits Environmental Stress Organism Level Population Level Physiological changes Psychological changes Behavior changes Fewer or no offspring Genetic defects Birth defects Cancers Death Change in population size Change in age structure (old, young, and weak may die) Survival of strains genetically resistant to stress Loss of genetic diversity and adaptability Extinction © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Community or Ecosystem Level Disruptionof ofenergy energyflow flowthrough through Disruption food chains and webs food chains and webs Disruption ofbiogeochemical biogeochemicalcycles Disruption of cycles Lower species diversity Lower diversity Habitat species loss or degradation Habitat loss or degradation Less complex food webs Less complex food webs Lower stability Lower stability Ecosystem collapse Ecosystem collapse