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KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Characteristics of Animals
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
for the…
Human
KingdomAnimalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia
Order-Primates
Family-Hominidae
Genus-Homo
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
for the…
Lion
KingdomAnimalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia
Order-Carnivora
Family-Felidae
Genus-Panthera
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
for the…
Collared
Anteater
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Xenarthra
Family: Myrmecophagidae
Genus Tamandua
Species: tetradactyla
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
for the…
Fire Coral
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozoa
Order: Capitata
Family: Milleporidae
Genus: Millepora
Species: alcicornis
Animal Species
Somewhere around 9 or 10
million species of animals
inhabit the earth.
About 800,000 species have
been identified.
Animal Phyla
Biologists recognize about 36
separate phyla within the
Kingdom Animalia.
Animal Phyla Web Page
Major Animal Phyla
Mollusca
5%
Arthropoda
87%
Other
12%
Chordata
2%
Cnidaria
1%
Platyhelminthes
1%
Nematoda
1%
Annelida
1%
Porifera
1%
Echinodermata
1%
Kingdom Animalia
All animals are multicellular,
mitochondrial heterotrophs—they
have multiple cells with
mitochondria and they rely on other
organisms for their nourishment.
Most animals ingest their food and
then digest it in some kind of
internal cavity.
Unifying Characteristics
Haploid Gametes
Embryonic Blastula Development
Diploid Somatic Cells
Multicellular Lacking Cell Walls
Mitochondrial Eukaryotes
Heterotrophic
Aerobic Respiring
Haploid Gametes
In animals the
adults produce
haploid (having
half the number of
chromosomes)
gametes through
meiosis
The Embryonic Blastula
After fertilization of
an egg by sperm,
the resulting diploid
(having two pairs of
chromosomes)
zygote rapidly goes
through mitosis
All animals become
a hollow sphere of
cells called a
blastula
Diploid Somatic Cells
As the zygote
develops the
resulting body or
somatic cells are
diploid
Mitochondrial Eukaryotes
Cells contain
Mitochondria
inside cells that
carry on Cellular
Respiration
O2 + Glucose 
CO2 + H2O + ATP
Heterotrophic and Aerobic Respiring
In order to acquire the Glucose
necessary for cellular respiration
animals must be consumers and
eat organisms already containing
glucose
In order to acquire the Oxygen
gas necessary for cellular
respiration animals must have
mechanisms of obtaining oxygen
Animal Movement
Most animals are capable of
complex and relatively rapid
movement compared to plants
and other organisms.
Animal Reproduction
Most animals reproduce sexually,
by means of differentiated haploid
cells (eggs and sperm).
Most animals are diploid, meaning
that the cells of adults contain two
copies of the genetic material.
Animal Sizes
Animals range in size from no
more than a few cells (like the
mesozoans) to organisms
weighing many tons (like the
blue whale).
a mesozoan
blue whale
Animal Habitats
Most animals inhabit the seas,
with fewer in fresh water and
even fewer on land.
Animal Cells
Animal cells, like all eukaryotic
cells, have internal structures
called organelles that serve
specific functions for the cell.
Animal cells lack the rigid cell
walls that characterize plant
cells.
Animal Cell Diagram
Major Divisions
Symmetry, Movement, &
Cephalization
Gastrulation & Gut Formation
Dermal Tissues & Coelome
Development
Segmentation
Animal Bodies
The bodies of most animals
(all except sponges) are made
up of cells organized into
tissues.
Each tissue is specialized to
perform specific functions.
In most animals, tissues are
organized into even more
specialized organs.
Gastrulation & The Gut
After the blastula
stage, in some
animals cells
migrate to the
interior forming the
primitive gut
In Protostomes the
initial pore forms the
mouth, while in the
Deuterostomes this
pore forms the anus
Diploblastic Tissues
Tissue
organization first
appears in
animals like
jellyfish which are
Diploblastic
(having a distinct
Ectoderm and
Endoderm)
Segmentation
Segmented
organisms have a
repeating series
of body units that
may or may not
be similar to one
another
Animal Symmetry
The most primitive animals are
asymmetrical.
Cnidarians and echinoderms
are radially symmetrical.
Most animals are bilaterally
symmetrical.
Radial Symmetry
…applies to forms that can be
divided into similar halves by
more than two planes passing
through it.
Animals with radial symmetry
are usually sessile, free-floating,
or weakly swimming.
Radial Symmetry
Body plan in
which the body
parts are
arranged
regularly around a
central axis
(multiple planes
cut into mirror
halves)
Bilateral Symmetry
Animals with bilateral
symmetery are most well-suited
for directional movement.
Bilateral Symmetry
Body plan in
which body parts
are arranged into
a left and right
around a central
plane (one plane
cuts into mirror
images)
Cephalization
results from this
plan
Radial vs. Bilateral
Symmetry
Cephalization
Bilateral Symmetry usually has
led to cephalization—the
process by which sensory
organs and appendages became
localized in the head end of
animals.
Evolutionary Trends
If we analyze the basic body plans
of animals, we find that they
illustrate evolutionary trends.
Four major “advances” (in order):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Multicellular body plan
Bilaterally symmetrical body plan
“Tube-within-a-tube” body plan
Coelomate body plan
3 Major Bilateral Body Plans
1. Acoelomates
2. Pseudocoelomates
3. Coelomates
Each plan consists of 3 cell
layers: endoderm, mesoderm,
ectoderm
Acoelomate
The coelome is
a fluid filled cavity
surrounded by
mesodermal
tissue
Acoelomate
animals lack a
fluid filled cavity
and are
Triploblastic
Acoelomates
These animals
have no other
cavity than the
gut.
They are often
called the “solid
worms.”
Pseudocoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
animals have a fluid
filled cavity but it is not
contained within
mesoderm tissue.
Instead it lies between
the mesoderm and
endoderm
Pseudocoelomates
are Triploblastic
(having an Ectoderm,
Endoderm, and
Mesoderm)
Pseudocoelomates
These animals have a
body cavity (the
pseudocoelom) which
is not completely
lined with mesoderm.
The “tube within a
tube” body plan.
This category is also
composed of mostly
worms.
Coelomates
These animals have
a “true coelom”
lined with
mesodermal
peritoneum.
Most animals are
coelomate.
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