Download Ch 5 Skeleton Outline.cwk

Name__________________________________Block______Date__________________
Ch 5: Skeletal System Outline
Lisa Peck
I. Bones: An Overview (pp. 130-139)
A. Functions of Bones
1. Supportive internal framework
2. Protection of soft body organs
3. Movement using bones as levers
4. Storage of calcium and phosphorus
5. Hematopoiesis- blood cell formation in marrow cavities of certain bones
B. Classification of Bones (pp 131-132)
1. Compact Bone Tissue- dense, smooth, and homogeneous
2. Spongy Bone Tissue- needle-like bone pieces within open space
3. Classification According to Shape
a. Long Bones
b. Short Bones
c. Fat Bones
d. Irregular Bones
C. Structure of a Long Bone (pp. 132-133)
1. Gross Anatomy
a. Diaphysis
b. Periosteum
c. Sharpey’s Fibers
d. Epiphyses
e. Articular Cartilage
f. Epiphyseal Line
g. Epiphyseal Plate
h. Yellow Marrow- medullary cavity
i. Red Marrow
j. Bone Markings
D. Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling ( pp. 134-138)
1. Ossification- process of bone formation
2. Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells
3. appositional Growth- increase in bone diameter
4. Osteoclasts- giant bone-destroying cells activated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)
5. Bone Remodeling
E. Bone Fractures (pp. 138-139)
1. Reduction- realignment of broken bone ends
2. Types of Fractures
3. Repair of Fractures
a. Hematoma Formation
b. Splinting of Break by Fibrocartilage Callus
c. Bony Callus Formation
d. Bone Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Stress
II. Axial Skeleton (pp. 139-153)
A. Skull (pp. 139-145)
1. Cranium- eight large and flat bones
a. Frontal Bone
b. Parietal Bones- paired
c. Temporal Bones- paired
1. External Auditory Meatus
2. Styloid Process
3. Zygomatic Process
4. Mastoid Process
5. Jugular Foramen
6. Carotid Canal
7. Occipital Bone
8. Sphenoid Bone- sella turcica holds pituitary gland
2. Facial bones- twelve are paired and two are single
a. Maxillae- upper jawbone
b. Palatine Bones- failure to fuse medially results in cleft palate
c. Zygomatic Bones- cheekbones
d. Lacrimal Bones- passageway for tears
e. Nasal Bones- bridge of nose
f. Vomer Bone- most of nasal septum
g. Inferior Conchae
h. Mandible- lower jawbone
3. Hyoid Bone- no articulation with other bones
4. Fetal Skull
B. Vertebral Column (Spine) (pp. 145-152)
1. Cervical Vertebrae- C1 - C7
a. C1 (Atlas) has no body
b. C2 (Axis) has dens (odontoid process) as pivot point
2. Thoracic Vertebrae- T1 - T12
3. Lumbar Vertebrae- L1 - L5
4. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
a. Scoliosis
b. Kyphosis
c. Lordosis
5. Sacrum- five fused vertebrae
6. Coccyx- three to five fused vertebrae
C. Bony Thorax (pp. 152-153)
1. Sternum- breastbone
a. Manubrium
b. Body
c. Xiphoid Process
2. Ribs- 12 pairs all attaching posteriorly with spinal column
a. True Ribs- superior seven rib pairs
b. False Ribs- inferior five rib pairs
c. Floating Ribs- inferior two rib pairs
III. Appendicular Skeleton (pp. 153-163)
A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle (pp. 153-155)
1. Clavicle (Collarbones)
2. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
B. Bones of the Upper Limbs (pp. 155-156)
1. Arm
a. Humerus
2. Forearm
a. Radius- lateral bone which follows thumb
b. Ulna- medial bone
3. Hand
a. Carpals- two irregular tows of four bones each
b. Metacarpals- palm bones numbered one to five beginning with thumb
C. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (pp. 157-159)
1. Coxal (Hip) bones
a. Ilium
b. Ischium
c. Pubis
2. Sacroiliac (SI) Joint
D. Bones of the Lower Limbs (pp. 159 - 163)
1. Thigh
a. Femur
2. Leg
a. Tibia- weight-bearing shinbone
b. Fibula
3. Foot
a. Tarsal Bones
b. Metatarsals
c. Phalanges
d. Arches
IV. Joints (pp. 163 - 168 )
A. Functional Categories of Joints (p. 163)
1. Synarthroses- immovable
2. Amphiarthroses- slightly movable
3. Diarthroses- freely movable
B. Structural Categories of Joints (pp. 163 - 165)
1. Fibrous Joints
a. Sutures- no movement
b. Syndesmoses- allow minimal “give”
2. Cartilaginous Joints
a. Hyaline cartilage connection at bone ends
3. Synovial Joints
a. Articular Cartilage- covers bone ends
b. Fibrous Articular Capsule- synovial membrane lining
c. Joint Cavity- lubricating synovial fluid
d. Reinforcing Ligaments
4. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape (pp. 165 - 167)
a. Plane Joint
b. Hinge Joint
c. Pivot Joint
d. Condyloid Joint
e. Saddle Joint
f. Ball-and-Socket Joint
C. Inflammatory Disorders of Joints (pp. 167 - 168)
1. Osteoarthritis (OA)- degenerative “wear and tear”
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)- autoimmune-related and most crippling
3. Gouty Arthritis- painful uric acid crystals in joints
V. Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton (pp. 168 - 170)
A. Primary Curvatures- present at birth
1. Thoracic
2. Sacral
B. Secondary Curvatures- develop when baby lifts head and walks
C. Osteoporosis- chronic bone-thinning disease bcs hormone deficiency or inactivity in elderly
D. Pathologic Fractures- spontaneous breaks