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Renaissance and Discovery Chapter 10 Renaissance Means “rebirth” (of Greek ideas, culture, etc.) Where? Italy: city-states When? 1330-1530 Characteristics? Secular Humanism Did not ignore religion Classical ideas (New philosophical approaches to ancient texts) Classical Architecture & Arts Beauty of nature valued Dignity and potential of man valued Idea of individual Origins Begins in the Italian City -States Italy’s geographic location (Point of exchange East/West) Thriving Economy (Wealthy Merchant Families) Patrons – Arts – Princes, Popes, and some women Banking and finance come to the fore in Italy (Usury) Growth of urban financial centers Capitalism usurping Feudalism Rich families benefited from recession in Europe Printing Press widely used in Italy for secular works (See later slide) Hegemony of the Papacy waning Northern Europe consolidating under strong Monarchies Origins Major States Milan, Venice, Florence, Genoa, Naples, Papal States (Think North as opposed to South) City is the center with control of surrounding lands Oligarchies, despots & republics Attributes Individualism Portraiture & biography Secularism Literacy, wealth, knowledge From Scholasticism to Humanism Begins with notaries What makes a “good” citizen? What makes a “good” life? Petrarch as first major thinker looking closely again at the classics Humanism= rhetoric, Latin, history, grammar, poetry and moral philosophy Humanism is not a new philosophy replacing Christianity Secularism SECULARISM Belonging to this world, life in the present. HUMANISM Man rather than God is the chief center of interest (from ancient Greeks) Christian Humanists – Combining Christian and Classical Human body a thing of beauty (painted & sculpted it that way) Human mind capable of discovering truth by reason and reaching unlimited levels of achievement In groups and communities, how do men live? How do they govern themselves? Why is there a mixture of good and evil? New Virtues Castiglione, in The Courtier, best describes the new virtues of the “universal man” Men: Well educated, charming polite, witty, dance, write poetry, sing & play music, physically strong and graceful, a skilled rider, wrestler & swordsman Women: Know the classics, write well, paint, make music, dance and be charming (not expected to seek fame as men did) New Politics Machiavelli as originator of new (real) diplomacy & ruling (New concept of the state) Republican Ideals (Classical) Machiavelli the Florentine, diplomat and advisor until removed from office. Advice: Better to be feared than loved (but never hated). A good prince is crafty & shrewd....in politics the ends justify the means New Politics Divided Feudal Monarchies Monarchies Sovereign states grew with wealth National armies Levy Taxes Unified National France French nation building Hundred Years War Defeat of Charles the Bold Burgundy Died in battle at Nancy Louis XI Spain Isabella and Ferdinand Unified Spain Secured borders Military ventures abroad Exploration Christianized Spain Reconquista – Inquisition England Civil war following Hundred Years War War of the Roses Lancaster/York Houses Red/White Roses Tudor Dynasty Henry VII Holy Roman Empire No political centralization or unity in Central Europe Emperor Charles IV Golden Bull Electoral College – Administrative Body Unity did not fully exist Religious dissent and conflict Northern Renaissance Northern Humanists Religious Reform Educational Reform Laity is important Printing Press Erasmus Catholic Reform Imitation of Christ Northern Renaissance Printing Press Johann Gutenberg Cheaper Books Rapid production Spread of Ideas Humanism, Religion, Reform Instant Authority “Fixity” of ideas Social Changes Very little changed for the majority of the population Culture Gender, racial(nation), social hierarchies However, ideas slowly seeped into the populace (Printing Press, cultural changes) Masculinity Names to know Lorenzo Valla Petrarch Baldassare Castiglione Boccaccio Jacob Burckhardt Cosimo de’ Medici Niccolo Machiavelli Johann Gutenberg Thomas More Exploration Why? Need to find alternate trade routes Around Muslim controlled areas Who? Portuguese led the way Henry the Navigator Spain What? Gold, Glory, God Resources, Slaves, Christianity, , Conquest, Pride, Curiosity…. Expeditions around Africa New World discovery Columbus (Ferd and Isa) Exploitation Columbian Exchange New goods introduced Treaty of Tordesillas Land Conquistadores Pizarro, Cortes (Spain) Gold! De Las Casas Black Legend Viceroys Encomienda System Racial Beliefs