Download Plant Systems - Ms. V Biology

Plant Systems
 The Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) is our state
flower and a plant native to Texas.
 Remember that plants are NOT dead, but very much
alive and composed of eukaryotic cells!
 In this unit we will discuss the systems in plants,
specifically transport, reproduction, and response.
Background Image http://www.respect-texas.org/bluebonnets.jpg
Review of Plant Cells
 Plants are multicellular
eukaryotes w/ cell walls
made of cellulose.
 Plants are autotrophs that
carryout photosynthesis to
obtain energy.
 To carry out cellular
functions, plants need:
–
–
–
–
Sunlight
http://www.terrebonneonline.
com/plantcell1.jpg
Water
CO2
Minerals
Review of Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 + LIGHT
(Carbon dioxide) (water)
C6H1206 + 602
(glucose)
(oxygen)
 Photosynthesis – the process by which plants convert
light energy and carbon dioxide into sugars as a food
source for the plant.
http://s2.hubimg.com/u/701793_f520.jpg
The Second Part of Photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle or Light Independent
Reaction
• Also called Carbon Fixation or C3
Pathway
• Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from
light reaction to make sugar (glucose).
• Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes
Cell Specialization
 Plants have cell
specialization
(different cell types
perform specific
functions).
 EX Root cells, stem
cells, and flower petal
cells all have specific
functions (jobs) that
they carry out for the
plant.
http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Kids_and_Teens_Pag
e/parts%20of%20a%20plant.jpg
3 TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
 DERMAL – PROTECTION FOR THE PLANT
(WAXY COATING)
 VASCULAR – TRANSPORT FOOD & WATER
 GROUND TISSUE – Cells that lie between
dermal and vascular tissue make up the
ground tissue.
– CONTAINS CELLS THAT ARE THE SITE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Veins in a plant are called
VASCULAR TISSUE
There are 2 types of Vascular
Tissue:
1. Xylem – transports water
from roots to the rest of the
plant
2. Phloem – transports sugars
and other nutrients throughout
a plant (FOOD)
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Undifferentiated – has not yet
become specialized
These cells are produced in
the apical meristems (tips of
roots & stems)
Meristematic tissue is the only
plant tissue that produces
new cells by mitosis!
Specialized Tissues - Leaves
http://www.ecomagic.org/fruition/leaves-1.jpg
 Leaf is the organ where
most photosynthesis, and
transpiration
[evaporation from
plants] occurs.
 Remember,
photosynthesis is used by
plants to create energy.
 Through the leaf run
veins transport water,
sugars, and minerals to
the plant cells.
Leaves
Stomata are pores or holes in the
epidermis of the leaf that allow
gas exchange (stoma – singular)
Carbon dioxide comes in through
the stomata and oxygen leaves
through the stomata
Guard cells on each side of the
stomata control its opening and
closing
Water is also lost through the
stomata in a process called
transpiration, so plants only
leave stomata open long enough
to do photosynthesis
When water pressure within the
guard cells is high (lots of water
inside of plant) the thick outer
walls of the cells are forced into a
curved shape, which opens the
stoma.
When water pressure within the
guard cells is low the inner walls
pull together and close the stoma.
Stoma & Guard Cells
Specialized Tissues - Stems
 Stems are specialized cells
that support leaves to hold
them up to sun and transport
water, sugars, and nutrients
through the plant.
 Some stems are also modified
for sugar [glucose] storage
areas.
http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu/grow/ima
ges/plant_organs.jpg
In most plants,
stems contain
distinct nodes,
where leaves
are attached,
and internodes
regions
between the
nodes.
Monocot – scattered vascular bundles
Dicot – vascular bundles arranged in a
ring
Secondary Growth of Stems
Takes place in lateral
meristematic tissues called
–Vascular cambium –
produces vascular tissues
and increases stems
thickness (wood)
–Cork cambium – makes the
outer covering (bark)
Specialized Tissues - Roots
 Roots are underground organs that absorb water and
minerals necessary for transport in the plant and anchor
[hold] the plant in the soil.
 They help to prevent soil erosion.
http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c5/c5-1root.gif
PARTS OF A PLANT
 ROOTS – ABSORB WATER AND
NUTRIENTS AND ANCHOR THE
PLANT TO THE GROUND
 TWO TYPES OF ROOTS:
– FIBROUS (Clump of short,
threadlike roots)
– TAPROOT (Single, large
central root)
 Just like in animals,
vascular [vein] tissue is
the transport system for
the plant.
 Xylem – transports water
Transport Tissues
(W X Y Z for w=water,
xy=spelling xylem and z=the way
the word sounds) in stacked
cells to form tube like
drinking straws;
movement is UP from
roots to leaves
 Phloem – transports
sugar/food; movement can
be up and down
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b8o0_bDa4QI/RsKvBY5ZufI/AAAAAAA
AAF0/BmCafNOYe6A/s400/xylem1%5B1%5D.gif
Alternation
of
Generations
–Diploid
(2n)
–Haploid
(1n)
Reproductive Tissues - Flowers
 Flowers are a reproductive
organ (but not all plants have
flowers).
 They have male and female
parts.
– pollination – transporting
pollen (sperm) from the male
to female parts (ovule)
– fertilization – union of sperm
with egg (creates a plant
embryo [seed] which grows
into a mature plant).
http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg
Flower Parts
 Male
– Stamen – consist of the anther (produces pollen) and
filament (supports anther)
– Pollen – contains sperm
 Female
– Pistil – consist of the stigma (where pollen lands), style
(connects stigma to ovary) and the ovule (develops into
the fruit)
– Ovule – develops into an egg, eventually becomes the
seeds when fertilized
 Non-sexual
– Petals – colored parts, attract pollinators (EX bees)
– Sepals – green parts, protect flower parts
Flower Parts Cont.
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct08/bj-peru.html
Reproductive Tissues - Seeds
http://asm.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Plants/
seeds/seed.gif
 A seed consists of an embryo
surrounded by a food source.
 Seeds are encased in a
protective covering called a seed
coat.
 EX fleshy fruit such as
strawberries, apple, tomato,
peach, cucumber
 EX dry fruit such as walnuts and
acorns
http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/imag
es_rev/seed-pics.jpg
Seedless Reproduction
 Seedless plants do not form hard seeds (EX mosses and
ferns) they produce spores and therefore MUST have
water for the sperm to swim to the egg.
http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlineco
urse/Diagrams/c10/c10-4fern.gif
http://biology.uwsp.edu/courses/plantid/cp-seedless/images/cpseedless-images-sm/013-d.lg.sm.jpg
Response
 Just like animals, plants respond to changes in their
environments (called tropism).
 There are four main types of tropisms:
– Gravitropism/Geotropism = response in plants that
make it grow either with the pull of gravity or against
it
– Hydrotropism = response in plants that bends it
towards water
– Phototropism = response in plants that bends it
towards light
– Thigmotropism = response in plants that bends it
around an object (EX a vine wrapping around an
arbor)
Response Cont.
http://withfriendship.com/images/h/38808/Tropism-picture.gif
Response Cont.
 Another type of response,
specifically to changes in
pressure, is called a nastic
response.
 The most common example
is the infamous Venus flytrap
which closes its leaf when
the plant senses an insect
through changes in cell
pressure.
 North Carolina’s Nastic
Slideshow
http://www.justvenusflytraps.com/images/homepagei
mage.jpg
PLANT KINGDOM
Photograph by Luis del Río
Conclusion
 Plants provide consumers with oxygen to breathe, food,
shelter, as well as cleaning the air and water for the
planet. This photo was taken in the Scottish Highlands.
 Just like animals, plants are active responders within
various environments to survive and thrive.
 Their use and importance is numerous; humans use
plants with healing properties in medical treatments.