Download Plant and fungi review key

For the Fungi/Plant unit Test you need to know
Fungi
1. What type of cells do fungi have?
Eukaryotic
2. What are hyphae?
Cells that make up fungi
3. What are mycelium?
Collection of hyphae (look like roots of plants)
4. What is sclerotium?
Overwintering ball of hardened mycelium that helps the fungi survive harsh conditions and
grow again when conditions are favourable.
5. What are mushrooms and what is their function?
Fruiting bodies of fungi. They produce spore producing structures
6. What does it mean when fungi are heterotrophic?
They eat other organic matter. They cannot make their own food.
7. What are the 3 modes of eating in fungi? Briefly describe each.
Saprobes – eat dead organic matter
Parasites – eat live organic matter
Symbionts – live with another organism in a symbiotic relationship
8. What are the steps of eating when a fungus reaches its food source?
Enzymes are release outside the cells of the fungus in the food
Enzymes digest the food outside the cells of the fungus
Fungus absorbs the nutrients that are release from the food.
9. What are the walls of fungi made up of?
Chitin
10. Why do fungi have + and – strains instead of male and female?
Because they don’t have gametes, they have + and – strains, which fuse to make a
Dikaryotic and then a Diploid individual. They don’t have egg and sperm like other
organisms do.
11. What are mycorhizae and why are they important in the forest?
Fungi, which have a symbiotic relationship with roots of plants. They help plants grow
faster enabling faster growth in the forest.
12. What do mycorhizae receive and what do plant roots receive in their symbiotic
relationship with each other?
Mycorhizae receive sugars from plant roots and instead provide larger surface area for the
root to absorb water and nutrients.
13. What are lichens?
Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae.
14. What are the 3 growth types of lichens? (know what they look like)
Fruticose, foliose, crustose (pictures in notes)
15. What do the algae get and what do the fungi get from the relationship with each other?
Algae get a place to live, fungi get sugars from the algae.
16. What are the 3 advantages of producing spores?
Dispersal of fungi to new locations, resists harsh environments, New genetic diversity.
17. Spores are produces through meiosis or mitosis or both?
both
18. Know the generalized life cycle of fungi. (see notes)
19. What are the beneficial and harmful effects of fungi on humans?
Benefits
a. Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling.
b. Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce drugs, antibiotics, alcohol, acids, food
(e.g., fermented products, mushrooms).
c. Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies.
Harms
*
Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth.
* Animal and human diseases, including allergies.
* Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food (e.g., grain, cheese, etc.).
* Plant diseases.
20. Know 1 thing from the video we watched together. See fungi video worksheet
Plants
1. Know the evolution tree of plants – have it memorized See notes
2. What are the differences between plant cells and animal cells?
Plant cells have cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts animal cells do not
Animal cells have centrioles, plant cells do not.
3. Know what a gametophyte and a sporophyte are and how they fit in the life cycles of 1.
Algae, 2. Moss, 3. Fern, 4. Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
See notes on life cycles.
4. Know the similarities and differences between the life cycles of algae, moss, fern,
gymnosperms/angiosperms
Algae have fully mature gametophyte and sporophyte, the rest of plant groups do not.
Mosses have sporophytes that are dependent on the gametophyte. Mosses are
gametophyte dominant.
Ferns are sporophyte dominant.
Gymnosperms/angiosperms are sporophyte dominant.
5. Know examples of bryophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Bryophytes – mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Gymnosperms – cedar, western hemlock, spruce, cycads, ginkgoes
6. Know the various plant tissue types and a brief function of each. – ground tissue
(paranchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma) , vascular tissue (xylem, phloem), Dermal tissue
Ground tissue is made up of paranchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma,
Paranchyma – makes up cells which do most of the photosynthesis, growth and
repair
Collenchyma – living flexible yet hard tissues which give plants their strength
Sclerenchyma – dead cells that give plant its structure, they are woody.
Vascular –xylem – mostly dead cells which carry water up towards the leaves
- phloem – mostly living cells which carry sugar from the leaves to the roots.
Dermal tissue – hard exterior cells of plants that protects them from the outside world.
7. Know what the 3 main tissue parts look like in a cross section of a stem.
Diagram from the notes
8. Know the steps of transport of water in plants.
Transpiration of water out of stomata on leaves,
Osmosis of water from surrounding cells in the leaves toward the stomata
Osmosis of water out of xylem in vascular bundles in leaves
Suction of water from xylem in branches toward the leaves
Suction of water from xylem in roots to xylem in branches.
9. Know the steps of transport of sugar in plants.
Transportation of sugar through diffusion of sugar from leaves towards the roots through the
phloem cells.
10. What is stomata and what are guard cells? Why are they important in water transport?
Stomata are openings under the leaves which allow gas exchange for photosynthesis, guard
cells allow them to open and close. They are essential in transport because they also allow
for transipiration of water.
11. What is transpiration?
Evaporation of water out of stomata
12. What are vascular bundles?
Xylem and phloem cells.
13. What are sori?
Spore producing structures under the leaves of ferns.
14. What are general characteristics of gymnosperms? Angiosperms?
Gymnosperms. Naked seeds, soft wood, roots grow on surface, waxy needles, survive cold
and drought
Angiosperms. Covered seed, produce flowers and fruit, hardwood, need pollinators, most
diverse plants.
15. Know the diagram of a flower.
See notes.
16. Know the steps of pollination and fruit development.
Anther produces pollen,
Pollinators carry pollen from flower to flower,
Pollen received by stigma
Sperm travels down the style
Sperm fertilizes the egg in the ovary
Ovary grow around the seed to make the fruit.
17. What are fruits for?
Protection and dispersal of seeds.
18. Know something from the video we watch together. See video question sheet.