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4181_ArtofPlantEvolution_4 28/4/09 11:28 am Page 51 Art The of Plant Evolution W. John Kress and Shirley Sherwood 4181_ArtofPlantEvolution_4 28/4/09 11:28 am Page 58 I. Fungi Although fungi have traditionally been considered plants and within the field of botany, scientists now agree that these organisms are not plants at all. Lacking the ability to photosynthesize and possessing a distinctive type of cell wall, they are most closely related to animals. Fungi have been put at the base of the Tree of Plant Evolution as a reminder that fungi are not plants and share more features with animals than they do with plants. However, fungi in the form of mycorrhizae have an exceedingly important symbiotic association in mineral nutrition with the roots of many plant species, especially trees. I. Fungi – Amanitaceae 1. Amanita muscaria Alexander Viazmensky, b. Leningrad (St Petersburg), Russia 1946 Watercolour on paper, 380 mm x 280 mm Signed with hieroglyphic AV in old Russian Alexander Viazmensky paints both fungi and landscapes. Each summer he ventures deep into the woods near St. Petersburg for his specimens, visiting secret spots for his trophies. Since 1997 his lively style has become more detailed and clearly outlined, although he retains his customary clutter of leaves, pine needles and strands of grass which discreetly indicate where he found the toadstool. Alexander’s work is held at the Royal Horticultural Society’s Lindley Library and he produces excellent prints of his work which can be seen in the Grand Hotel Europe, St Petersburg. He taught at the Minnesota School of Botanical Art Master Classes in 2004 and 2006 and had illustrations in the Red Data Book of Nature of St Petersburg. He had a solo show in 2007 as part of the XV Congress of European Mycologists and taught an enthusiastic class at the American Society of Botanical Art in 2008. This previously unpublished portrait of Amanita muscaria was executed in 2003.The classic toadstool or ‘magic mushroom’ has hallucinogenic properties and is widely pictured in folklore. Amanita has over 400 described species worldwide and is one of the largest genera of basidiomycetes. The fruiting bodies of the species Amanita muscaria are found in summer and autumn in coniferous and deciduous forests from lowland elevations up to the subalpine zone in both temperate and subtropical regions. The Latin musca means fly and was applied to this species because of the mushroom’s ability to attract and in some cases poison these insects. The same compounds that poison flies are also toxic to humans and the mushrooms have been used as inebriants and as hallucinogens by indigenous peoples in different parts of the world. Based on DNA sequence data generated from specimens collected in different regions of the northern hemisphere scientists have found distinct geographic races that correspond to Eurasia, to Eurasian subalpine zones, and to North America. This type of regional differentiation is not unexpected in such a widespread species. 58 Art of Plant Evolution 4181_ArtofPlantEvolution_4 28/4/09 11:28 am Page 59 Art of Plant Evolution 59 4181_ArtofPlantEvolution_4 28/4/09 11:29 am Page 68 4181_ArtofPlantEvolution_4 28/4/09 11:29 am Page 69 V. Gymnosperms The evolution of seeds (made up of the young embryo, some nutritive tissue, and an outer protective covering) was an important step in the proliferation of plants on land. Gymnosperm, like bryophyte, is a term that comprises a number of different groups of plants that are related by the possession of seeds, but do not form a monophyletic evolutionarily coherent lineage. In gymnosperms the seeds are ‘naked’ and not enclosed within a fruit wall.The living gymnospermous groups include conifers, ginkgos, and cycads, all of which, like the monilophytes, have a well-developed vascular system. Botanists do not agree on the evolutionary relationships of the various groups of gymnosperms, or on which group is most closely related to the flowering plants. Perhaps some missing links between the gymnosperms and the angiosperms became extinct long ago. A ID ER ST S Sapindales Dipsacales Horse Chestnuts RO S ID S & Maples Malvales (99-101) Hibiscus & Kapok Brassicales (97-98) Mustard & Gabbage (95-96) Honeysuckles & Viburnums (136) Asterales Dandelions & Campanulas (131-135) Fagales Oaks & Walnuts (92-94) Apiales Carrots & Ivies (129-130) Aquifoliales Holly (128) Cucurbitales Fabales Squash & Begonias (90-91) Peas (88-89) Rosales Roses & Figs (85-87) Lamiales Mints & African Violets (118-127) Solanales Cornales Oxalidales Dogwoods & Hydrangea (102-103) Wood Sorrel (82-84) Myrtales Morning Glories & Aubergine (114-117) Malpighiales Pomegranates & Fuchsia (72-75) Poinsettias & Violets (76-81) Vitaceae Gentianales Ericales Gentians & Coffee (112-113) Primulas, Heaths & Tea (104-111) Grapes (71) Geraniales Geraniums (70) COTS NO MO Commelinales Zingiberales Bananas & Cannas Poales Grasses & (46-50) Pineapples (38-41) Day Flowers & Kangaroo Paws (43-45) Saxifragales Stonecrops & Paeonies (66-69) Caryophyllales Pinks & Cacti (60-65) Palms (42) OT S Arecales Santalales Asparagales Gunnerales Iris & Orchids (28-37) Gunnera (57) Liliales Lilies (23-27) Mistletoes (58-59) Proteales Lous & Banksias (55-56) Pandanales Ranunculales Screw Pines (22) Clematis & Poppies (51-54) Dioscoreales EAR LY DIV E G RG I N EU D Nymphaeaceae Water Lilies (13) Alismatales Yams (21) Pondweeds & Aroids (18-20) Ginkgoales Ginkgo (8) Laurales Amborellaceae Laurals (17) Coniferales Pines (9-11) Piperales BAS Black Pepper & Aristolochias (14) Cycadales Cycads (6-7) A N G I O S P E R MS PE Magnoliales Magnolias & Annonas (15-16) R MS Amborella (12) LA IC Mosses (3) Monilophytes GYM NO S Ferns (4-5) Algae (2) Fungi (1) Animals Leslie Carol Berge Cycad (female cones) – Encephalartos ferox ALL OTHER LIFE Art of Plant Evolution 69 4181_ArtofPlantEvolution_4 28/4/09 11:30 am Page 88 VI. Angiosperms – Basal Angiosperms – Piperales This order is made up of five (possibly six) families, including the Dutchman’s pipes, black peppers, and lizard tails.The various members now grouped in the Piperales have not always been considered as closely related, but DNA sequence data provide strong evidence for placing them together as an evolutionary group. Oil cells and two-ranked leaves are found in most of the species of this group. Some species have stems swollen at the nodes where the leaves are attached as well as flowers in whorls of three, which is similar to the monocots. VI. Angiosperms – Basal Angiosperms – Piperales – Aristolochiaceae 14. Aristolochia gigantea Rosália Demonte b. Niteroi, Brazil 1932 Gouache on vellum, 550 mm x 410 mm Signed R Demonte The Demonte family live in Petrópolis, the high altitude summer refuge in the mountains behind Rio in the Atlantic Rainforest. Rosália and her sister Yvonne shared a studio next to their house with Ludmyla, one of Rosália’s daughters. Rosália’s brother Etienne Demonte lived nearby where he painted alongside his two sons. None of them has had any extensive formal training and their styles of painting are sometimes very similar. Rosália tended to concentrate on flowers and butterflies, while her daughter paints dramatic pictures of the wild cats of South America. The extraordinary vine, Aristolochia gigantea, grows up a steep bank in Rosalia’s garden.The specimen she painted for this dramatic picture, with its huge striking maroon speckled flower (depicted life-size in the painting), was given to her by Roberto Burle Marx, the famous landscape designer who was such a great friend of Margaret Mee. The family Aristolochiaceae contains 7 genera with 460 species, although botanists still differ on the taxonomic boundaries within this family. The plants are generally temperate herbs and tropical or subtropical lianas and shrubs. The aristolochias make up one of the five groups of basal angiosperms in the order Piperales. The flower is structured with the petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels in whorls of three, which suggests that these plants are relatively primitive angiosperms. This led some botanists to formerly believe that they were the closest relatives of the monocots, whose flowers are also in whorls of three. The flowers of Aristolochia gigantean are enormous, foulsmelling, and characterised by deep maroon markings. These features serve to attract carrion-loving flies which are deceived into visiting the flowers as a site to deposit their eggs. The pollen-bearing flies become trapped in the inflated portion of the flower and transfer pollen to the stigma before they are allowed to exit. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek words ‘aristos’ meaning ‘the best or most excellent’ and ‘locheia’ meaning ‘childbirth’ in reference to the use of this plant in ancient herbal medicine to assist in childbirth and abortion. 88 Art of Plant Evolution 4181_ArtofPlantEvolution_4 28/4/09 11:30 am Page 89 Art of Plant Evolution 89