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Transcript
The Dynamic Earth Chapter 3 Environmental Science Earth Integrated system Rock • Geosphere Air • Atmosphere Water • Hydrosphere Living things • Biosphere Geosphere The solid part of the Earth including all rock, soils, sediments on the surface Scientists use seismic waves to study the geosphere. • Like tapping a melon Composition of the Geosphere Crust • Thin layer – less than 1% of Earth Oceans Continents Mantle • Made of rock • 64% of the Earth Core • Hot, dense rocks of nickel and iron • 35% of the Earth Structure of the Geosphere Five layers based on physical properties • Lithosphere Includes crust and upper part of mantle • Asthenosphere Rocks in the mantle that allow continents to move above it • Mesosphere Lower layer of the mantle • Outer core Dense, liquid layer • Inner core Solid rock layer Tectonic Plates • Pieces of the lithosphere that continents sit on • Glide on asthenosphere like ice on a pond • Figure 4 on page 62 • Plate boundaries are where activity occurs & mountain ridges form Earthquakes Occur at a fault • A break in the Earth’s crust where they slide against each other. Richter Scale • Measures magnitude (0-10) The amount of energy released by an earthquake Volcanoes A mountain built from magma that rises to the Earth’s surface The hot ash, dust and gases can pollute the environment A volcanic eruption can change the Earth’s climate for several years. Volcanic ash can mix with water • Mudflow Section 1 Assignment Page 66 Section 1 Review #1-5 Atmosphere Mixture of gases surrounding the Earth Gases are constantly being added and removed • Example – Animals release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen, plants release oxygen and take in carbon dioxide Composition of the Atmosphere Nitrogen • 78 % of the atmosphere Oxygen • 21 % of the atmosphere Other Gases • 1% of the atmosphere • Includes argon, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor Atmospheric dust • Particles in the air made mainly of soil Also includes salt, ash, pollen, bacteria, aerosols Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere • Closest layer to the Earth’s surface • Almost all weather occurs here Stratosphere • Almost all ozone (made of 3 oxygen atoms) is located here • Ozone absorbs UV radiation Layers of the Atmosphere Mesosphere • Coldest layer Thermosphere • Layer located furthest from Earth’s surface • Temperatures above 2000°C • Nitrogen and oxygen ions absorb X-rays and gamma rays Energy in the Atmosphere Energy transferred from the sun in three ways • Radiation Transfer of energy from space to atmosphere • Conduction Flow of heat from warmer object to colder object • Convection Transfer of heat through air currents Heating the Atmosphere About half the energy from the sun reaches the Earth’s surface. The rest is absorbed by clouds, dust or gases. Dark-colored objects absorb more energy than light-colored objects. Quick Lab Page 70 Answer the following questions: • By what mechanism is energy being transferred to the beakers? Explain your answer. • Make a line graph with the results of the experiment. • Page 72 – Section 2 Review #6 Answer with a paragraph Greenhouse Effect 1. 2. 3. 4. Sunlight enters the atmosphere and heats the Earth’s surface The heat is radiated back into the atmosphere Heat is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere Heat is then radiated back towards the Earth’s surface. ** Earth would be too cold to survive without the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse Gases Gases that trap and radiate heat • Water Vapor • Carbon dioxide • Methane • Nitrous oxide Quiz Information from Section 1 & 2 Hydrosphere Any water on or near the Earth’s surface Water cycle • Evaporation • Condensation • Precipitation Oceans • Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic Ocean Water Salinity • Concentration of all the salts in ocean water • Salinity varies depending on evaporation and precipitation Surface water is warm, deeper is cold due to no sunlight Oceans absorb heat from the sun which helps to regulate the temperature in the atmosphere. Layers of the Ocean The layers are called temperature zones. • Surface Zone Warm water (heated from the sunlight) • Thermocline Temperature falls rapidly with depth Cold water begins in this layer • Deep Zone Bottom of the ocean Temp around 2°C Ocean Currents Surface currents • Streamlike movements at the surface • Created by the wind Deep currents • Streamlike movements near the ocean floor • Flows very slowly towards the equator Fresh Water Only about 3% of all water River system Main river Tributaries Land that drains into the river Groundwater • Collects underground • Used for human and agricultural needs • Aquifers Rock layers underground that stores water Biosphere Narrow layer on Earth’s surface that supports life Life on Earth exists due to two factors • Water is continually recycled • Sunlight is readily available Includes the following: • Upper part of geosphere • Most of the hydrosphere • Lower part of atmosphere Energy Flow Closed system • Energy enters as sunlight • Matter does not enter Plants use the sunlight to make their own food • Earth is considered mainly a closed system Open system • Both energy and matter enter Early years of the Earth when matter was added through collisions of comets and meteorites with our planet Section 3 Review Page 81 # 1-6 Chapter Review Page 83-85 #6-19, 21, 24-25, 27, 32-33, 34