Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The French Revolution Reasons for the French Revolution • In the 1700s, France was the cultural capital of Europe, home to numerous Enlightenment thinkers, & had wealth from colonies. • But, political, economic, and social structure problems led to the French Revolution in 1789. •The French also saw that the American colonies had succeeded in their revolution against their own King. King Louis XVI XIV Absolutism • Absolute monarchs have complete power and don’t share it with a counsel or parliament. • “Divine Right of Kings”- the belief that a king is determined by God. To go against the king is to sin against God. Louis XIV Louis XIV (14th) • King Louis XIV (The Sun King) was the most powerful king in Europe. • His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a major country in European history. • Solidified absolute monarchy and Divine Rule in France. • Led France through 3 major Wars and several conflicts. • Renovated/Created the beautiful palace of Versailles. • Allowed the nobility to pay fewer taxes. • Greatly increased the ARTS in France. • After his death in 1715, Louis XV & Louis XVI continued to rule France as absolute monarchs. 1643–1715 "One faith, one king, one law.“ Analyze what this painting of Louis XIV is revealing. What symbols do you see? Versailles Versailles's Hall of Mirrors French Social Classes Simulation When kids walk in the door, they will be given a card with a letter on it. The letters will be as follows: C=Clergy (1st estate)-2 students N=Noble (2nd estate)-4 students B=Bourgoise (middle class/3rd estate) P=Peasant (3rd estate)-16 students In a class of 22, the above student numbers are what I used. Clergy- Given 7 pieces of candy each Nobles-Given 8 pieces of candy each Bourgoise and Peasants Given 4 pieces each Round 1- I AM THE KING!!! THE ABSOLUTE RULER!!! GOD AGREES AND I SPEAK FOR THE DIVINE. ALL BOURGOISE AND PEASANTS MUST GIVE ME 2 PIECES OF CANDY! ALL CLERGY MUST GIVE ME 1 PIECE OF CANDY!!! I WILL TURN AROUND AND GIVE 1 MORE PIECE OF CANDY TO ALL NOBLES (gifting them with land, riches, etc). Round 2- 3rd Estate members must give me half of what they have again (this time it is 1 piece). Clergy members, give me 1 piece I again will give one to the nobles. Round 3- 3rd estate members must give me half of their candy…Don’t have that you say? Only have one left you say???? Give me that piece or go to debtor’s prison!!! Clergy- Give me one piece. HOW MANY PIECES DOES EACH ESTATE END UP WITH? One problem was France’s unequal social hierarchy that was made up of three classes (called estates) The clergy of the Roman Catholic Church made up the First Estate Owned 10% of land in France but paid little in taxes to the gov’t One problem was France’s unequal social hierarchy that was made up of three classes (called estates) The Second Estate was made up of rich nobles Owned 20% of French land but were exempt from paying taxes One problem was France’s unequal social hierarchy that was made up of three classes (called estates) The Third Estate made up 97% of the population & included poor peasants but also the well-educated middle class (Bourgeoisie) This group paid 50% of their income in taxes The members of the Third Estate resented the special treatment the First & Second Estates received. Members of the Third Estate gained inspiration from the Enlightenment. After the success of the American Revolution, the Third Estate began demanding democracy, equality, & liberty in France Tensions were made worse by a growing financial (money) crisis in the 1770s & 1780s The French government was in debt due to years of lavish spending, expensive wars, & poor economic planning. Let them eat cake!!! By 1789, 25% of people were unemployed (did not work). The excessive spending by King Louis XVI & his wife Marie Antoinette angered French citizens. Marie Antoinette, “Madame Deficit” By 1789, France Role Play Louis Class XVIActivity: called an emergency was From outyour of money role cardmeeting perspective, of thedevelop Estates-General a plan & that faced could a serious save France, where decide members to votefrom by order all 3 financial or by head, crisis.& present classes yourcould ideasadvise to thethe king. king. During the Estates-General, the First & Second Estates voted to increase taxes on the Third Estate. The First & Second Estates decided to vote by order (1 vote per estate) rather than by head (by person). These decisions angered the members of the Third Estate who believed their rights were being violated. The Third Estate decided to form their own new National Assembly to make laws for the French people. In 1789, the National Assembly swore to a Tennis Court Oath promising a new constitution & limitations on the king’s power. This meeting was held at an actual indoor tennis court!!! The National Assembly wrote their revolutionary ideals in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which said: “Men are born free and equal in rights” Rights include “liberty, property, security, & resistance to oppression” It guaranteed freedom of speech, &freedom of religion, & equal justice Meanwhile, the economic crisis continued. Citizens were without Angry protestors in Paris food & faced starvation. demanded new reforms. When rumors circulated that the king was going to send his army to Paris, citizens attacked the prison “The Bastille” to seize weapons to defend themselves. The “Storming of the Bastille” in 1789 represented the beginning of the French Revolution. In 1792, radicals took control of France & made important decisions: The slogan of the French Revolution became: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” The French monarchy was overthrown & democratic republic was created called the National Convention. In 1793, King Louis XVI was arrested, convicted of treason, & executed by guillotine. His wife, Marie Antoinette, was beheaded soon after. The Guillotine In 1793, Maximilien Robespierre gained control of the National Convention. From 1793 to 1794, Robespierre executed 40,000 “traitors” during an era known as the Reign of Terror. The Reign of Terror ended when French citizens turned on Robespierre & executed him. The revolution came to an end in 1795, but France was in chaos. People were starving. France was at war with England, Holland, Spain, Austria & Prussia. A new government called the Directory, was corrupt and made little change. Napoleon Bonaparte In 1799, a 30 yr. old French military general named Napoleon Bonaparte led a coup d'état & seized power in France. Coup d'état-a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government. As emperor of France, Napoleon introduced needed reforms, defeated foreign armies, & conquered a massive French empire. Napoleonic Code • Created a set of laws for the Empire of France • Made laws the same all over France Some of the codes: • Stated all male citizens had equal rights, and nobles would no longer receive special treatment. • made the authority of men over their families stronger, and deprived women of any individual rights. • reduced the rights of illegitimate children. • Allowed freedoms for disagreement/debate concerning religion. • Allowed slavery in the French colonies (even through France had previously forbidden slavery). These laws were applied to all territories under Napoleon’s control and were influential in several other European countries and in South America. Napoleon’s Empire • Napoleon began The Napoleonic Wars in an effort to gain as much land as he could. Basically, he invaded and conquered countries to add to his French Empire. • At the height of his power, Napoleon controlled most of France. • He created many alliances and put family members and close friends in charge of keeping order in his conquered lands. Napoleon’s Downfall • The worst tactical mistake of Napoleon’s career was trying to invade Russia. • He successfully took Moscow, but lost 40,000 soldiers. • Napoleon thought that Russia’s leader would give up after the attack, but he didn’t. • Russia can be a large and harsh environment….especially in the winter!!! • Napoleon was forced to retreat with his army back toward France • Temperatures reached 27 degrees below zero, troops had little food and supplies. • Many died of starvation, disease, and hypothermia… AND Napoleon LEFT his army when it became clear that the mission had become a total failure. • Of the half-million who crossed the Russian frontier, only eighty thousand returned. • Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia had to band together to finally stop Napoleon. • He was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and sent into exile on the island of St. Helena. “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” Napoleon’s Throne Napoleon’s Bed Chamber The Imperial Image Haitian Revolution • Haiti was one of France’s highest producing colonies. • Cotton, Indigo, Sugar, Coffee • August 21, 1791- Inspired by the French Revolution, a slave named Toussaint l’Overture led the slaves in a rebellion against their masters. • Resisted all attempts from Haitian leaders and Napoleon to put down the rebellion. • Expanded the rebellion to take over present day Dominican Republic. • Haiti emerged as the first black republic in the world, and the second nation in the western hemisphere (after the United States) to win its independence from a European power. South America • South Americans were also inspired by the American and French Revolutions. • Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)-A Venezuelan soldier and intellectual helped organize revolts against Spain by Spanish colonies. He became known as the “The Liberator” for helping Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Panama gain independence from Spain. • Participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Latin America, Gran Colombia, of which he was president from 1819 to 1830 • He dreamed of a United “Spanish America.” • Bolivia is named after him. The Monroe Doctrine • Issued by President James Monroe • The US wanted to keep newly independent countries in South America and Latin America from getting sucked back into European control. • The Monroe Doctrine stated that the US would not interfere in existing European Colonies in North or South America, BUT that Europe was not allowed to attempt to start more colonies in those areas. • To do so would result in US military aggression. • Why would the US want to keep European powers away from this land area???