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Transcript
Introduction to Pharmacology Module A Common Pharmacology Terms Pharmaceutics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacogenetics Pharmacognosy Pharmacokinetics Pharmacology Pharmacotherapeutics Other terms are independent study History of Pharmacology History of Pharmacology Mystical Period Empirical Period Medieval Period Contemporary Period Sources of Drugs Plants Animals and Humans Minerals and Mineral products Synthetic or Chemical substances Sources of Drugs and Drug Information Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) Package Inserts Nursing Drug Guides /Nursing Journals Internet websites Legal and Ethical Issues Legal Issues Ethical Issues Basic Ethical Principles Beneficence Nonmaleficence Autonomy Justice Veracity Confidentiality Legal and Ethical Issues Nurse Practice Actdescribe and define the legal boundaries of nursing practice within each state. Legal and Ethical Issues Student’s role in medication administration Held to the same standards as licensed nurses Responsible for their own actions Important to know the Nurse Practice Act Federal laws Food and Drug Administration Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 1952: Durham-Humphrey Amendment of the 1938 Act 1962: Kefauver-Harris Amendment of the 1938 Act Federal laws, cont 1970: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act Harrison Narcotic Act State laws Conforms to the federal legislative guidelines Additional control, such as with substances not regulated by the federal government FDA approval process Investigational New Drug Application Informed Consent U.S. Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval Process Preclinical Investigational Drug Studies Four Clinical Phases of Investigational Drug Studies a. Phase I b. Phase II c. Phase III d. Phase I Expedited Drug Approval Controlled Substance Act The Controlled Substance Act of 1970 Promoted drug education and research into the prevention and treatment of drug dependence, strengthened enforcement authority, established treatment and rehabilitation facilities, and designed schedules or categories for controlled substances. Controlled Substances : Schedule Categories See the diagram in the textbook Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics- The action of a drug on the body, including receptor interactions, dose response phenomena, and mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic action. Receptor theory- MOA Receptor is a reactive site on the surface of a cell or tissue. Drug forms a chemical bond with the receptor sites Drug binds to and interactions occurs at the receptor site thus producing a pharmacologic response Receptor theory- MOA Agonist Partial Agonist Antagonist Competitive Antagonist Noncompetitive Antagonist Nonreceptor drug actions Enzyme Interaction Nonspecific Interaction Pharmacokinetics The actions of the body on the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination or excretion Pharmacokinetics Absorption Distribution Metabolism or Biotransformation Excretion or Elimination Serum half-life Factors that affect pharmacokinetics Absorption Process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the circulating fluids of the body for distribution. Distribution The ways in which drugs are transported by the body’s circulating fluids to the sites of action, metabolism, and excretion. Metabolism or Biotransformation Process by which the body inactivates the drugs. Liver is the most responsible organ. Other tissues and organs Skeletal muscle lungs Plasma Kidneys Intestinal mucosa Excretion or Elimination Process of ridding the body of the drug metabolites and some active drug forms. Two primary elimination organs Kidneys- urine GI- feces Serum half-life A measure of the time needed for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body. Factors that affect pharmacokinetics Age Body Weight Metabolic Rate Illness Psychologic Aspects Tolerance Pharmacology The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, e.g. by binding to regulatory molecules that activate or inhibit normal body processes. The End Questions ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????