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Download UNIT 4 THE UNION IN PERIL I. Slavery and Politics The south, is
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UNIT 4 THE UNION IN PERIL I. Slavery and Politics The south, is still an agricultural economy. Thus it is reliant on slave labor. The main of export of the South is King Cotton. The south felt bullied by the North and its industrial dominance. Tariffs. The mid 1800’s talks of secession is growing. The north, very diverse industries (shipping/factories). They make everything in the north. Strong Abolitionists (anti-slavery) Still, the major political issues is the balance of free/slave states in the Senate. Western territories are applying for statehood. Problem. California wants in as a free state. In 1850, Henry Clay offers his Compromise of 1850. o California enters as a free state o South gets a very strong Fugitive Slave Law o Popular Sovereignty decides free/slave state status in new western territories (popular vote) Civil war averted……..for now…….. Underground Railroad – is a “route” / “network” that slaves could take to get to the North/freedom. Harriet Tubman Uncle Tom’s Cabin (by Harriet Beecher Stowe) revels the horrors of slavery. Problem: Kansas wants to enter the union. Popular sovereignty is supposed to decide free/slave state status. To influence the vote, both slave/free state advocates try to sway votes. Both sides are armed. Violence. (Bleeding Kansas). Pro slavery vote wins (probably rigged) SC Rep. Preston Brooks “canes” MA Sen. Charles Sumner A new political party emerges: anti-slavery, antiimmigrant, & free soilers – The Republican Party. The Dred Scott Decision (Supreme Court Case) – Ruling: a slave who has escaped is NOT free and NOT a citizen, so he CANNOT appeal for a ruling from the Supreme Court. Dred Scott decision guarantees that slavery can exist ANYWHERE in the country. Missouri Comp abolished. North is outraged! Abraham Lincoln runs for the US Senate against Stephen Douglas. Historic debates between these two. Douglas (popular sovereignty) vs. Lincoln (slavery is immoral). Lincoln loses but has become a symbol of the anti-slave movement John Brown – raids Harper’s Ferry, Maryland. Brown captured. Executed. Becomes a folk hero in the North. Election of 1860 – Republican Abraham Lincoln elected as our 16th president. South Carolina secedes from the union. More southern states follow. Southern delegates meet in Mobile, Alabama and form the Confederate States of America. Confederacy drafts a Constitution that is very similar to the US version except the right to “protect and recognize” slavery in new territories. II. The Civil War Begins Lincoln asks for 100,000 troops to put down the rebellion. VA, TN, to secede. KY/Missouri will be neutral. The Confederacy chooses Jefferson Davis as its president. There are 13 Confederate States. Confederate capital will be Richmond VA Confederates seize forts and garrison in the south. Confederates fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. Fort Sumter refuses to surrender. Confederates seize on April 12th 1861. War has begun. The North VS. The South_______ 4 million eligible 1.2 million eligible The navy Hundreds of factories Dozens of railroads Better food production A few ships A few factories A few railroads Food buthrdtmmovit 1st Rate Generals Country boys Fight defensively Operation Anaconda – Yankees (Northern nickname) with their navy blockade the Rebels (Southern nickname). American Civil War is the first American war on film. PHOTOGRAPHY!!!!! Matthew Brady and Alexander Gardner cameras show the horrors of war. Two theatres of the war emerged: The EAST (Virginia) and the WEST (Mississippi River, Tennessee) 1861-July 1863: the war in the EAST is a disaster for the Yankees Bull Run/Manassas – Confederates Richmond/7 Days – Confederates 2nd Bull Run / 2nd Manassas – Confederates Antietam / Sharpsburg – Draw – Lincoln issues his Emancipation Proclamation (frees the slaves in states of rebellion). Before this, Lincoln’s goal is to restore the Union NOT free the slaves. Fredericksburg – Confederates Chancellorsville – Confederates In the west, the Yankees are more successful. The Yankee goal is to split the Confederacy in two by seizing the Mississippi River. Ft. Donnellson - Yankees Shiloh – Yankees The Confederates are desperate for European help/supplies. They’ll never get it. Both sides conscript (DRAFT!!). There are segregated African American units in the Yankee Army. POW camps are AWEFUL!!! High casualties (dead/wounded/missing) because the weapons are more advanced than the tactics used. Medicine is AWFUL!! Women volunteer as nurses – Clara Barton founds American Red Cross War is really taking its toll on the South because of lack of food/men/supplies III. Turning of the Tide Lee invades the North again to relieve war torn Virginia. July 1-3, 1863 the armies clash at Gettysburg. Union wins Lincoln delivers his Gettysburg Address – a great speech on what America is. Why the North is fighting. Honors the fallen heroes of Gettysburg Mathew Brady – photographer. Civil war in the first conflict captured on film. It shows the horrors of war 7-4-1863 – Ulysses S. Grant takes Vicksburg, MS. Yankees now control the Mississippi river. The Confederacy is split in two. Lincoln makes Grant chief general of all Yankee armies. Grant goes east to face Lee. Grant plans to use the North’s overwhelming manpower and supplies to defeat the South. Yankee General William T. Sherman leads an army to capture Atlanta, GA. Grant and Lee face off in a series of very bloody fights in VA. Lincoln is re-elected president in 1864. Sherman takes Atlanta. Sherman begins his famous “March to the Sea” – The Yankees destroy the South’s ability to continue the war. Lee’s army is battered and eventually broke. Lee surrenders his army at Appomattox Courthouse. Grant gives very generous terms. Lee accepts 4-91865. Other Confederate Armies surrender. Civil War is over North South 360,000 dead 260,000 dead 2.3 billion spent 1 billion spent 182% inflation 7000% inflation 670,000 total causalities are more than any other USA wars combined. Thousands of wounded, widows, orphans, missing 13th Amendment – officially ends slavery in the USA o Now what for the 4 million newly freed African Americans? 4-14-1865 Lincoln is assassinated at Ford’s Theatre. And with him goes any chance for a peaceful reconciliation with the South RECONSTRUCTION Is the process of rebuilding and reintegrating the southern states into the USA. Lasts 12 years. I. Politics of the Reconstruction 3 ideas of reconstruction: o Lincoln’s – favorable, lenient policy – full pardons for 90% while maybe some jail time for high officials. Once a southern state’s 10% of the population swears oath of allegiance, it would be re-admitted to the Union. This has no chance of happening when Lincoln is killed o 17th President Andrew Johnson – Exclude high ranking Confederates and wealthy from voting. He pardons 13,000 Confederates because, “only white men alone can manage the South” o Congress Plan – Congress is made up of radical Republicans who want to make the South suffer and pay for the Civil War. Congress VS. Johnson. Reconstruction Act of 1867 – puts the South into military zones of occupation. Federal troops are going to be everywhere in the South. Southern states would only be re-admitted to the Union if they accepted the 14 admitted (must protect the citizenship of former slaves) Freedmen’s Bureau – give food, clothing, medicines, education, legal protection to former slaves and poor whites. Civil Rights Act of 1866 – gives full citizenship to blacks and overrides the South’s “black codes.” Johnson vetoes law. Congress overrides the veto. 14 Amendment – prevents any state to deny citizenship and protects life, liberty, and property. End Dred Scott. President Johnson is impeached by Congress. 1 vote from being kicked out of office. General Ulysses S. Grant is elected president in 1868. The 15th Amendment is passed that gives ALL American men the right to vote II. Society South is destroyed – large/small farms ruined - rail track smashed - battlefields are littered with dead - a generation of young is gone - even more maimed Republican Party finds lots of southern votes amongst 3 types of people - Scalawags – people trying to buy ruined plantations, and farms at cheap prices. Greedy and racist - Carpetbaggers – northerners who come to the south to take advantage of the poverty. Buy up properties, sell materials - Former slaves – illiterate but wanted to vote Shunned by Southern/white society, blacks form their churches. Church becomes community center for aid and help for these formers slaves. The minister became a very influential person. Missionaries will build schools for blacks Some African Americans will enter politics and become Congressman (Hiram Levels first black Senator). Many blacks turn to sharecropping – farming on someone else’s land until you can pay for one yourself. III. The Collapse of Reconstruction The KKK emerges to terrorize blacks and any supporters of the Republican Party. Responsible 20,000 murders (MWC). Feds send troops to any area with KKK activity Congress passes the Amnesty Act which grants pardons for 150,000 ex Confederates Republican party begins to separate over the economy and the actions of the radicals. Southern Democrats return in strength to Congress. Here is the Deal that ends Reconstruction – Presidential Election of 1876 – Rutherford Hayes vs Tildon. Tildon wins popular vote but not electoral vote. Democrats will let the Republican Hayes win the presidency if Congress removes ALL federal troops from the South. Deal. Reconstruction over African Americans have a long way to go from equality