Download UNIT 4 THE UNION IN PERIL I. Slavery and Politics The south, is

UNIT 4
THE UNION IN PERIL
I. Slavery and Politics
 The south, is still an agricultural economy. Thus it
is reliant on slave labor. The main of export of the
South is King Cotton. The south felt bullied by the
North and its industrial dominance. Tariffs. The
mid 1800’s talks of secession is growing.
 The north, very diverse industries
(shipping/factories). They make everything in the
north. Strong Abolitionists (anti-slavery)
 Still, the major political issues is the balance of
free/slave states in the Senate. Western territories
are applying for statehood. Problem. California
wants in as a free state.
 In 1850, Henry Clay offers his Compromise of 1850.
o California enters as a free state
o South gets a very strong Fugitive Slave Law
o Popular Sovereignty decides free/slave state
status in new western territories (popular vote)
 Civil war averted……..for now……..
 Underground Railroad – is a “route” / “network”
that slaves could take to get to the North/freedom.
Harriet Tubman
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (by Harriet Beecher Stowe)
revels the horrors of slavery.
 Problem: Kansas wants to enter the union. Popular
sovereignty is supposed to decide free/slave state
status. To influence the vote, both slave/free state
advocates try to sway votes. Both sides are armed.
Violence. (Bleeding Kansas). Pro slavery vote wins
(probably rigged)
 SC Rep. Preston Brooks “canes” MA Sen. Charles
Sumner
 A new political party emerges: anti-slavery, antiimmigrant, & free soilers – The Republican Party.
 The Dred Scott Decision (Supreme Court Case) –
Ruling: a slave who has escaped is NOT free and
NOT a citizen, so he CANNOT appeal for a ruling
from the Supreme Court. Dred Scott decision
guarantees that slavery can exist ANYWHERE in the
country. Missouri Comp abolished. North is
outraged!
 Abraham Lincoln runs for the US Senate against
Stephen Douglas. Historic debates between these
two. Douglas (popular sovereignty) vs. Lincoln
(slavery is immoral). Lincoln loses but has become
a symbol of the anti-slave movement
 John Brown – raids Harper’s Ferry, Maryland.
Brown captured. Executed. Becomes a folk hero in
the North.
 Election of 1860 – Republican Abraham Lincoln
elected as our 16th president. South Carolina
secedes from the union. More southern states
follow. Southern delegates meet in Mobile,
Alabama and form the Confederate States of
America. Confederacy drafts a Constitution that is
very similar to the US version except the right to
“protect and recognize” slavery in new territories.
II. The Civil War Begins
 Lincoln asks for 100,000 troops to put down the
rebellion. VA, TN, to secede. KY/Missouri will be
neutral.
 The Confederacy chooses Jefferson Davis as its
president. There are 13 Confederate States.
Confederate capital will be Richmond VA
 Confederates seize forts and garrison in the south.
 Confederates fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston,
South Carolina. Fort Sumter refuses to surrender.
Confederates seize on April 12th 1861. War has
begun.
 The North
VS.
The South_______
4 million eligible
1.2 million eligible
The navy
Hundreds of factories
Dozens of railroads
Better food production
A few ships
A few factories
A few railroads
Food buthrdtmmovit
1st Rate Generals
Country boys
Fight defensively
 Operation Anaconda – Yankees (Northern
nickname) with their navy blockade the Rebels
(Southern nickname).
 American Civil War is the first American war on
film. PHOTOGRAPHY!!!!! Matthew Brady and
Alexander Gardner cameras show the horrors of
war.
 Two theatres of the war emerged: The EAST
(Virginia) and the WEST (Mississippi River,
Tennessee)
 1861-July 1863: the war in the EAST is a disaster for
the Yankees
 Bull Run/Manassas – Confederates
 Richmond/7 Days – Confederates
 2nd Bull Run / 2nd Manassas – Confederates
 Antietam / Sharpsburg – Draw – Lincoln
issues his Emancipation Proclamation
(frees the slaves in states of rebellion).
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Before this, Lincoln’s goal is to restore the
Union NOT free the slaves.
 Fredericksburg – Confederates
 Chancellorsville – Confederates
In the west, the Yankees are more successful. The
Yankee goal is to split the Confederacy in two by
seizing the Mississippi River.
 Ft. Donnellson - Yankees
 Shiloh – Yankees
The Confederates are desperate for European
help/supplies. They’ll never get it.
Both sides conscript (DRAFT!!). There are
segregated African American units in the Yankee
Army.
POW camps are AWEFUL!!!
High casualties (dead/wounded/missing) because
the weapons are more advanced than the tactics
used. Medicine is AWFUL!!
Women volunteer as nurses – Clara Barton founds
American Red Cross
War is really taking its toll on the South because of
lack of food/men/supplies
III. Turning of the Tide
 Lee invades the North again to relieve war torn
Virginia.
 July 1-3, 1863 the armies clash at Gettysburg.
Union wins
 Lincoln delivers his Gettysburg Address – a great
speech on what America is. Why the North is
fighting. Honors the fallen heroes of Gettysburg
Mathew Brady – photographer. Civil war in the first
conflict captured on film. It shows the horrors of war
 7-4-1863 – Ulysses S. Grant takes Vicksburg, MS.
Yankees now control the Mississippi river. The
Confederacy is split in two.
 Lincoln makes Grant chief general of all Yankee
armies. Grant goes east to face Lee.
 Grant plans to use the North’s overwhelming
manpower and supplies to defeat the South.
 Yankee General William T. Sherman leads an army
to capture Atlanta, GA.
 Grant and Lee face off in a series of very bloody
fights in VA.
 Lincoln is re-elected president in 1864. Sherman
takes Atlanta. Sherman begins his famous “March
to the Sea” – The Yankees destroy the South’s
ability to continue the war.
 Lee’s army is battered and eventually broke. Lee
surrenders his army at Appomattox Courthouse.
Grant gives very generous terms. Lee accepts 4-91865. Other Confederate Armies surrender.
 Civil War is over
 North
South
360,000 dead
260,000 dead
2.3 billion spent
1 billion spent
182% inflation
7000% inflation
 670,000 total causalities are more than any other
USA wars combined.
 Thousands of wounded, widows, orphans, missing
 13th Amendment – officially ends slavery in the USA
o Now what for the 4 million newly freed African
Americans?
 4-14-1865 Lincoln is assassinated at Ford’s Theatre.
And with him goes any chance for a peaceful
reconciliation with the South
RECONSTRUCTION
Is the process of rebuilding and reintegrating the
southern states into the USA. Lasts 12 years.
I. Politics of the Reconstruction
 3 ideas of reconstruction:
o Lincoln’s – favorable, lenient policy – full
pardons for 90% while maybe some jail time
for high officials. Once a southern state’s 10%
of the population swears oath of allegiance, it
would be re-admitted to the Union. This has
no chance of happening when Lincoln is killed
o 17th President Andrew Johnson – Exclude high
ranking Confederates and wealthy from voting.
He pardons 13,000 Confederates because,
“only white men alone can manage the South”
o Congress Plan – Congress is made up of radical
Republicans who want to make the South
suffer and pay for the Civil War. Congress VS.
Johnson.
 Reconstruction Act of 1867 – puts the
South into military zones of occupation.
Federal troops are going to be everywhere
in the South. Southern states would only
be re-admitted to the Union if they
accepted the 14 admitted (must protect
the citizenship of former slaves)
 Freedmen’s Bureau – give food, clothing,
medicines, education, legal protection to
former slaves and poor whites.
 Civil Rights Act of 1866 – gives full
citizenship to blacks and overrides the
South’s “black codes.” Johnson vetoes
law. Congress overrides the veto.
 14 Amendment – prevents any state to
deny citizenship and protects life, liberty,
and property. End Dred Scott.
President Johnson is impeached by Congress. 1 vote
from being kicked out of office.
General Ulysses S. Grant is elected president in 1868.
The 15th Amendment is passed that gives ALL American
men the right to vote
II. Society
South is destroyed
– large/small farms ruined
- rail track smashed
- battlefields are littered with
dead
- a generation of young is gone
- even more maimed
Republican Party finds lots of southern votes amongst 3
types of people
- Scalawags – people trying to buy ruined
plantations, and farms at cheap prices.
Greedy and racist
- Carpetbaggers – northerners who come to
the south to take advantage of the
poverty. Buy up properties, sell materials
- Former slaves – illiterate but wanted to
vote
Shunned by Southern/white society, blacks form their
churches. Church becomes community center for aid
and help for these formers slaves. The minister became
a very influential person.
Missionaries will build schools for blacks
Some African Americans will enter politics and become
Congressman (Hiram Levels first black Senator).
Many blacks turn to sharecropping – farming on
someone else’s land until you can pay for one yourself.
III. The Collapse of Reconstruction
 The KKK emerges to terrorize blacks and any
supporters of the Republican Party. Responsible
20,000 murders (MWC). Feds send troops to any
area with KKK activity
 Congress passes the Amnesty Act which grants
pardons for 150,000 ex Confederates
 Republican party begins to separate over the
economy and the actions of the radicals. Southern
Democrats return in strength to Congress.
 Here is the Deal that ends Reconstruction –
Presidential Election of 1876 – Rutherford Hayes vs
Tildon. Tildon wins popular vote but not electoral
vote. Democrats will let the Republican Hayes win
the presidency if Congress removes ALL federal
troops from the South. Deal. Reconstruction over
African Americans have a long way to go from equality