Download Aquatic Biodiversity

Aquatic Biodiversity
Chapter 7, Living in the Environment,
14th edition,
G. Tyler Miller
Water on this planet
71% of earth’s surface covered by water
Text figure 7-2
Look for lakes, coral reefs and
mangroves. See next slide for rivers
What’s saltwater? Where’s
the freshwater?
Rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, inland wetlands
are freshwater
-97.4% of world’s water is
salty; 2.6% fresh water
-1.984% freshwater in ice
caps & glaciers
-.014% available to us
-Good thing for the
hydrologic cycle!
http://whyfiles.org/131fresh_water/2.html
Physical
support from
water buoyancy
Fairly constant
temperature
Life in the oceans…advantages
& disadvantages
Nourishment
from dissolved
nutrients
Life here can only tolerate
a narrow range of
temperatures
Water
availability
Organisms are exposed
to dissolved pollutants
Easy dispersal
of organisms,
larvae, and
eggs
Fluctuating
population size
for many
species
Less exposure
to harmful UV
radiation
Dilution and
dispersion of
pollutants
Figure 7-3
Dispersion
separates many
aquatic offspring
from parents
Who are the players in aquatic life
zones?
http://www.frs-scotland.gov.uk/Delivery/standaloneCM.aspx?contentid=115
Add in:
Ultraplankton
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Decomposers
http://www.glf.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci-sci/bysea-enmer/activities/activities-activites_13-e.html
Label these as plankton, nekton,
benthos



More pix of plankton & then all categories
http://www.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=1956
http://dheinml.tripod.com/main.htm
o
Climate moderation
o
CO2 absorption
o
Nutrient cycling
•Food
We need
oceans!
Waste treatment
and dilution
•Animal and pet
feed (fish meal)
•Pharmaceuticals
o
•Harbors and
transportation
routes
Reduced storm
impact (mangrove,
barrier islands,
coastal wetlands)
o
•Coastal habitats
for humans
Habitats and
nursery areas for
marine and
terrestrial species
o
•Recreation
•Employment
•Offshore oil and
natural gas
Genetic resources
and biodiversity
o
Scientific
information
o
Figure 7-5
•Minerals
•Building materials
High tide
Low tide
Sun
Sea level
0
50
Euphotic Zone
100
Estuarine
Zone
Continental
shelf
Photosynthesis
Coastal Zone Open Sea
Depth in
meters
500
Bathyal Zone
1,000
Twilight
200
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Figure 7-6: Major life zones in the ocean
Darkness
Abyssal Zone
What’s an estuary?
Region where rivers (fresh water) & ocean
(salt water) mix by action of tides and
river flow. Bays, mouths of rivers, salt
marshes & lagoons. The brackish waters
feed marine life, birds & other wildlife.
www.origins-photography.co.uk/acatalog/The%20Mawddach%20Estuary.jpg
www.lumcon.edu/education/studentdatabase/images/estuary.jpg
www.duddon-estuary.org.uk/images/duddon%20map.jpg
www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/info/gloss/e_gloss.htm
Figure 7-8
An estuary….
salt marsh ecosystem
Who are the
Producers?
Consumers?
Decomposers?
Also, think food
chains, food webs,
connections in
ecosystem.
Figure 7-12
The Coral Reef
Who are the
herbivores?
Carnivores?
Omnivores?
What if the
producers were
destroyed by UV
radiation?
Ocean warming
Soil erosion
Threats to coral reefs!
Algae growth from fertilizer runoff
Figure 7-13
Mangrove destruction
Coral reef bleaching
Rising sea levels
Increased UV exposure from
ozone depletion
Using cyanide and dynamite
to harvest coral reef fish
Coral removal for building material,
aquariums, and jewelry
Damage from anchors, ships,
and tourist divers
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/coral/index.html
Threats to marine
ecosystems
Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture
and urban development
Over one-third of mangrove forests lost
since 1980 to agriculture, development, and
aquaculture shrimp farms
About 10% of world’s beaches eroding
because of coastal development and rising
sea level
Ocean bottom habitats degraded by
dredging and trawler fishing boats
Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged
and 11% have been destroyed
http://shiftingbaselines.org/blog/images/mangrove.jpg
http://www.epa.gov/med/grosseile_site/indicators/images/gi-wetland.jpg
Text page 137
Freshwater….zones of life in a deep lake
Littoral
Oligotrophic?
Eutrophic?
Fig 7-16
The Circle of Life
Freshwater ecosystems
Climate moderation
Nutrient cycling
Economic Importance
Waste treatment and
dilution
Food
Flood control
Drinking water
Groundwater
recharge
Irrigation water
Hydroelectricity
Habitats for aquatic &
terrestrial species
Transportation
corridors
Genetic resources
and biodiversity
Scientific
information
Recreation
Employment
Figure 7-15
Other freshwater ecosystem words to know!
“Precipitation that does not sink
into the ground or evaporate is
surface water. It becomes runoff
when it flows into streams. The
land area that delivers runoff,
sediment and dissolved substances
to a stream is called a watershed or
drainage basin.” page 140, text
http://www.sawpa.org/about/watershed.htm
Watersheds are important to all life…
Drinking water... Recreation... Wildlife habitats... Economic benefits
•Point & Nonpoint pollution sources…what are they?
•Water picks up pollutants left by human activities…
•Farmers, businesses & homeowners use fertilizers &
pesticides. These run-off into water supplies.
•Industrial pollutants are dumped or run-off into our
waterways
Individuals like you and me…
•Fail to pick up after our pets
•Dump auto fluids, gasoline from lawn mowers, etc. down
storm drains
•Leave grass clippings and leaves on paved surfaces
•Wash cars on the street or driveway
www.naai.moldova.md/GI_images/econ_agric/griu_l.jpg
www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bpoladm/stratpp/partnership/watshed/
http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/whatis.
html
Scientists Map Oceans
 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.ph
p?storyId=19059595
 Let’s listen to the story!

(enlarged map on next slide)
 Click on animated fly over map!
Global map (A) of cumulative human impact across
20 ocean ecosystem types
B. S. Halpern et al., Science 319, 948 -952 (2008)