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Buletin USAMV Veterinary Medicine, 65(2)/2008 pISSN 1843-5270; eISSN 1843-5378 THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIBODY TITRE AFTER IBDV VACCINATION USING A LIFE, LIOPHILISED VACCINE IN BROILERS DEPENDING ON ROUTES AND DOSESS OF ADMINISTRATION Ceică C.1;C. Vasiu2 1 D.S.V.S.A. Satu Mare, str. Lăcrămioarei, nr. 37; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca; [email protected] Keywords: Infectiouse bursal disease, vaccine, oral, intra-conjunctiva, antibodies, ELISA Abstract: The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the route of anti-IBDV vaccine administration on raising the antibody titers and protective efficacy against Gumboro disease. In addition, the maternally derived antibodies titer (MDA) declining pattern was also studied. Seven lots of broiler chicken (n=25) were vaccinated at 14 days of life using Gumboro vaccine Nobilis 223 through the oral route, in drinking water and through the intra-conjunctiva route , in different doses. The quantification of the antibody level in the serum was achieved by the imunoenzymatic test using an ELISA kit IDEXX Laboratories , Inc. Westbrook, ME, 04092 USA. The results obtained showed that after the oral vaccination, the antibody titers raised and reached the value 326, after one dose, 1265 after two doses, and 1630 after three doses, comparative to intra-conjunctiva route in witch case the values obtained were: 232, after one dose, 277, after two doses and 407 after three doses. These results indicated the superiority of vaccination via drinking water (the oral route) compared to the intraconjunctiva route. INTRODUCTION Infectious bursal disease and also known as Gumboro disease causes a clinical disease for 3-6 weeks old chicks, and a sub clinical form for the younger ones. (Lukert and col., 1997). At first, IBDV appeared only in commercial broiler flocks, but than, with the discovery of the new very virulent strains of virus it was obvious that IBDV affected also the breeding and the layer flocks. According to OIE, IBDV is present in 95% of the Member States, representing the most important disease that affects the commercial breeding of chickens. IBDV produces also, imunosupression (Mohamed and col., 1996) raising the chickens susceptibility to secondary infections (Engstrom and col., 1998; Hair Beja and col., 2004), inducing negative responds to the Newcastle, Marek or IB vaccination for the convalescent birds. Fabricius bursa reaches the maximum development level at 3 weeks of life and it represents the main target for IBD virus. The virus is resistant to a large variety of disinfectants and is environmentally very stabile but may be controlled using a proper vaccination schedule (Lukert and col., 1975). Susceptibility to IBDV varies with age, immunological factors, cytokine production and sanguine factors of the chickens. Chickens obtained from vaccinated hens had different levels of maternal antibody depending on age, health status, races or genetically factors of the hens. 316 Vaccination represents a very useful method in IBDV controlling. Timing of optimal vaccination, doses used and the administration routes represent the most important factors in controlling the disease. In practice we use active attenuated vaccines, because the inactive ones prove to be less efficient for inducing the active immunity of the chickens with maternal antibodies. Serological methods used for determination of the IBDV titers are: seroprecipitation (Cullen and col., 1975), viral neutralization (Skeels şi col., 1979), ELISA (Marquart and col., 1980). In this study we had determined the IBDV antibody titers of broilers using ELISA, after the vaccination with a live, lyophilized vaccine, inoculated through oral via and intraconjunctiva via, in different doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chickens: The chickens used were provided by a broiler chicken farm, deriving from 30 weeks old hens. The chickens were healthy and were grouped into 7 lots of 25 chickens each. Vaccine: We used live, lyophilized IBDV vaccine, Gumboro Vaccine Nobilis 223 E, containing an intermediary strain less attenuated. This attenuation treatment makes the vaccine strain to be able to spread among the vaccinated flocks and to resist against maternal antibodies. Administration routes: We chose two routes for vaccine administration: the oral and the intra-conjunctiva route and we tried to determine vaccination efficiency, monitoring the clinical status of chickens, and the declining pattern of antibodies, assessing the antibodies titers before and after the vaccination. Methods: We collected 10 blood samples from wing vein at day 7 and 14 after the vaccination for both oral and intra-conjunctiva groups. Serological tests were performed at Food Safety and Veterinarian Laboratory from DSVSA Satu Mare, using ELISA kits Antibodies titers were calculated and expressed in units. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 presents the values of maternal antibodies titers obtained at day 3, 7 and 11 of life. We recorded a decline pattern from a mean of 2700 at day 3 to a mean of 1500 at day 7, respectively 450 at day 11. At day 14, maternal antibodies titers were very low and no longer protective. 317 5000 4000 Maximal value 3000 Mean value 2000 Minimal value 1000 0 3 7 11 Fig. 1 Broilers maternal antibodies titers. On horizontal is represented the ages of chickens and on vertical axis the maternal antibodies titers. Table 1 represents the obtained values at 7 days post vaccination. For group A, we used a single vaccine dose. In this group, the antibodies titers were very low and ranged from 76 to 326 (with a mean of 183). For group B, we used two vaccination doses and the antibodies titers ranged from 138 to 1265 (mean 588). In group C we used three doses of vaccine and the results showed that antibodies titers ranged from 11 to a maximal value of 1630 (mean 750). For chickens vaccinated through intra-conjunctiva via, the results showed that for group D, with a single dose, values ranged from 95 to 401 (mean 232). In group E, vaccinated with two doses, antibodies titers ranged from 36 to 610 (mean value was 377). In group E we used three doses of vaccine and the results showed that antibodies titers ranged from 59 to a maximal value of 823 (mean 407). The values of the antibodies titers at day 7 after the vaccination were raising proportionally with number of doses for the chickens vaccinated trough oral via, and to a little extent for the chickens vaccinated trough intra-conjunctiva via. The values of antibodies titers obtained for oral vaccinated groups were grater than those obtained for intra-conjunctiva groups. In group A and D, in witch we used a single vaccine dose, the minimal (76-95) and maximal (326-401) values obtained were pretty close, no matter what was the administration route. The mean titers, the minimal and maximal level were more different between the groups with two administration doses with the greatest values obtained for oral administration group. The minimal value for this group was 138 comparative to 36 for via group, the maximal value was 1265, respectively 610, with a mean of 589, respectively 277 for intraconjunctiva group. We had the same situation for the groups with three administration doses, the results obtained for oral groups were superior to those for intra-conjunctiva group: minimal value 113 comparative to 59, maximal value 1630 comparative to 823, and a mean of 750 comparative to 407. In the control group, the mean antibodies titers obtained (160) were close to the values obtained for the groups with a single administration dose (183 for oral and 232 for intraconjunctiva group). All these values demonstrated that at day 7 after the vaccination, the antibodies are not well expressed yet and maternal antibodies are not completely vanished. The values obtained for sera collected from the groups with two doses were grater for oral administration group (mean value for control group-160, oral vaccinated group 589 and intra318 conjunctiva group-277).The same situation was in case of the groups with three administration doses where the mean of antibodies titers determined was greater for oral group (750) than for intra-conjunctiva group (407). Table 1. Antibodies titers at 7 days post vaccination Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean Oral vaccinated chickens group A 149 76 115 274 301 326 102 97 238 156 183 group B 403 138 674 311 847 1141 1265 316 401 396 589 Control group group C 317 803 797 113 1237 274 1415 1630 293 619 750 181 79 93 366 41 137 292 41 174 201 160 Intra-conjunctiva vaccinated chickens group D group E group F 94 504 95 123 109 644 297 57 823 311 312 36 174 512 141 101 513 59 336 376 266 71 571 401 253 401 79 234 674 610 232 277 407 Table 2 contains the results obtained for blood samples collected at 14, respectively 28 days post vaccination. For samples collected from oral vaccinated chickens, the antibodies titers using ELISA, ranged from 25 to 752 (mean 340) for group A, from 20 to 468 (mean 213) for group B, respectively from 31 to 124 (mean 81 ) for group C. For intra-conjunctiva via groups, we obtained these values: in group D, with one administration dose antibodies titers values ranged from 44 to 182 with a mean of 107, in group E, with two administration doses, values ranged from 65 to 176 with a mean of 109, respectively in group F, with three administration doses antibodies titers values ranged from 24 to 131 with a mean of 80. At day 14 post vaccination we had the same situation as at day 7 post vaccination meaning that in all cases, the values obtained for antibodies titers were greater in oral groups than those for intra-conjunctiva groups. But, also in all cases, the values obtained in day 14 post vaccination were closed to one-another and lower than those obtained in day 7 post vaccination. We could conclude that at day 21 (7 days post vaccination) the mean antibodies titers were greater than at day 28 (14 days post vaccination), no matter what was the route chose for IBDV vaccine administration. Paradoxically, in conjunctiva via groups, at day 7 post vaccination, raising the number of doses would cause the decreasing of antibodies titers. In the control group, at 14 days post vaccination, the maternal antibodies titers were lower comparative to the results obtained at day 7 post vaccination. 319 Table 2. Antibodies titers at 14 days post vaccination Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean Control group Oral vaccinated chickens group A 524 25 374 396 752 183 601 36 412 99 340 group B 87 146 39 20 213 421 468 363 74 303 213 group C 68 79 93 124 111 58 103 102 31 47 81 1 121 18 1 36 17 12 83 0 4 29 Intra-conjunctiva vaccinated chickens group D group E group F 79 77 79 122 121 93 84 182 24 176 34 65 144 41 44 154 161 119 51 74 131 85 83 129 83 111 41 97 106 176 107 109 80 CONCLUSIONS Maternal antibodies titers have a declining pattern, reaching the level 0 at day 14 of life; this is the optimal moment for vaccination with live IBDV vaccine. Raising the vaccine dose in oral administration produce the raise of antibodies titers especially at day 7 post vaccination, with values that range from 112 to 1630 (mean 750) for three administration doses. Vaccine administration through intra-conjunctiva via produce the raise of antibodies titers but with a lesser extent comparative to oral administration with values that range from 59 to 823 (mean value 407) at day 7 post vaccination with three doses. Overdosing the IBDV live vaccine produce a grater raise of the antibodies titers in oral than in intra-conjunctiva administration. Oral administration of IBDV vaccine is less laborious than the intra-conjunctiva one and provides a better assimilation of the vaccine. Antibodies titers values are superior in oral administration via so is recommended to use this route of inoculation in IBDV vaccination instead of intra-conjunctiva route. Chickens consume different quantities of water; this may explain the differences between the values obtained in oral administration of vaccine. The new commercial ELISA kits are very useful in monitoring the antibodies titers providing information for vaccination schedule. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 2. 3. 4. Benton W.J., Cover M.S. and Rosenberger J.K. 1967 – Studies on the transmission of the infectious bursal agent (IBA) of chickens. Avin Disease 11, 430-438. Cullen G.A., Wyeth P.J. 1975 – Quantitation of antibodies to infections bursal disease. Vet. Rec. 97, 315. Engstrom B., Fossum O., Luthman M. 1988 – Blue wing disease of cickens experimental infection with a swedish isolat of chicken anemia agent and avian reovirus, Avian pathology 17. Hair-Bejo M. 2004 – Day old vaccination against infectious bursal disease in Broi chickens. International J. Poult. SC Asian Network for Sciatic information 3:124-128 320 5. Kembi F.A., Delano O.O., Oyekunle M.A. 1995 – Effect of three differnt routes of administration on the immunogenicity of infectious bursal disease vaccine. Revue Elev. Mét. Vét. Pays. Trop. 48:33-45. 6. Lukert P.D., Saif Y.N. 1997 – Infectiouse bursal disease in poultry. 7. Marquardt W.W., Johnson R.B., Odenwald W.F., Schlotthober B.A. 1980 – An direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring antibodies in chicken infected with infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Disease, 24, 375-385. 8. Mohamed H., Al-Natour M., Ward L., Saif Y.N. 1996 – Pathogenicity, attenuation and immunogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus isolated in Japan. Avian Diseases 36, 891-896. 9. Skeels J.K., Lukert P.D., De Buysscher E.V., Fletcher O.J., Brown J 1979 – Infectiouse bursal disease viral infections. Avian Disease 23, 107-117. 10. Zaher, Ahmed and Saeed Akhter 2003 – Role of maternal antibodies in protecion against infectious bursal disease in commercial broiler. Int. J. Poult. 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