Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Theistic evolution wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of life wikipedia , lookup
Saltation (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Sexual selection wikipedia , lookup
Inclusive fitness wikipedia , lookup
Natural selection wikipedia , lookup
Genetics and the Origin of Species wikipedia , lookup
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex wikipedia , lookup
Copyright Notice! This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that website is available. Images lacking photo credits are mine and, as long as you are engaged in non-profit educational missions, you have my permission to use my images and slides in your teaching. However, please notice that some of the images in these slides have an associated URL photo credit to provide you with the location of their original source within internet cyberspace. Those images may have separate copyright protection. If you are seeking permission for use of those images, you need to consult the original sources for such permission; they are NOT mine to give you permission. Carolus Linnaeus (aka Carl von Linné) Swedish Botanist, Physician, and Zoologist 1707 - 1778 Developed a hierarchial classification scheme do deal with all these organisms, and we use to this day (though we are moving away from it a little bit)! http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Carl_von_Linné.jpg Taxonomy is also Hierarchial! The Organisms are Diverse: Taxonomy Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eubacteria Gram + Archaea Protista (Chromista) Plantae Fungi Animalia Phylum Proteobacteria Euryarchaeota Phaeophyta Anthophyta Magnoliophyta Basidiomycota Chordata Class Gammaproteobacteria -- Phaeophyceae Dicotyledonae Hymenomycetes Mammalia Order Enterobacteriales Halobacteriales Fucales Rosales Agaricales Primates Family Enterobacteriaceae Halobacteriaceae Fucaceae Rosaceae Agaricaceae Hominidae Genus Escherichia Halobacterium Fucus Rosa Agaricus Homo Species E. coli H. salinarum F. distichus R. multiflora A. bisporus H. sapiens Common DH5 Halophytic archaeon Rockweed Wild Rose Mushroom Human Kingdom How many organisms are there? What is a species? Animal species concept… if offspring are fertile then same species… does not apply to species of other kingdoms: Prokaryotes (no sex) Allopolyploidy in plants Horse: Equus caballus Donkey: Equus asinus X http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/JNB/JNB002/00099924.jpg http://www.explorecrete.com/albums/album19/donkey.jpg Mule: Sterile Hybrid http://www.muleranch.com/Clients/RedPeak-JerryHeitzlerMule.gif Wolf Canis lupus German Shepherd Dog Canis familiaris X X http://www.dog.com/breed/docgrafx/germshep.jpg Coydog Wolfdog Fertile Hybrids! http://www.city.west-lafayette.in.us/wlpd/coyredw.jpg http://www.leerburg.com/Photos/wolfdog-05.jpg http://www.ecores.uzhgorod.ua/Fotogalereya/fauna/Canis_lupus_01.JPG http://museum.utep.edu/chih/theland/animals/mammals/clatrans.jpeg Coyote Canis latrans Homo sapiens Learn your own Latin binomial. Our genus means “self” not gender identity Our epithet: we think that we think! Our epithet always ends in ‘s’: One Homo sapiens is the instructor. There are many Homo sapiens in class. Italics in print, underscored in manuscript. I am a Homo sapiens. √ How many organisms are there? Good Question! Let’s exclude extinct species! Many extant are unknown so we estimate! Bacteria: 10,000 Archaea: 1,000 Protista: 20,000 (includes Stramenopila and Rhodophyta) Plantae: 285,000 (mostly flowering) Fungi: 110,000 Animalia: 1,400,000 (mostly arthropods) Charles Darwin - British Naturalist Formal Studies: Medicine and Theology 1809 - 1882 Descent with Modification http://www2.biologie.unihalle.de/zool/mol_ecol/Bilder/DarwinBild.jpg 1880 The Power of Movement in Plants 1871 Descent of Man 1859 Origin of Species http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3e/Charles_Darwin_1854.jpg Species evolved from generation to generation over time 1831-1836 HMS Beagle Voyage http://www.omniscopic.com/blog/uploaded_images/darwin-791061.jpg Darwin’s Tree of Life (1859) the only figure in: On the Origin of Species future time present many more many more The Roman numerals each represent 1000 generations past time The letters A-L represent hypothetical progenitor species within a single genus Notice the very large number of extinctions! http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Darwins_tree_of_life_1859.gif Question 14 Page 15 before nucleus true nucleus Turn back to the tree of life shown in Figure 1.5. Note that Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, while Eukarya are eukaryotes. On the simplified tree below, draw an arrow that points to the branch where the structure called the nucleus originated. Explain your reasoning. DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA Page 7 Figure 1.5 DOMAIN BACTERIA Mycoplasma How is this graphic from your book the same, and how is it different from the other depictions of the “Tree of Life” you have seen so far? In which direction is the axis of time shown? The long list of organisms down the right are? Firmicutes Cyanobacteria Actinobacteria Spirochaetes Chlamydiae Bacteriodetes -Proteobacteria -Proteobacteria -Proteobacteria This node represents the common ancestor of all organisms alive today -Proteobacteria -Proteobacteria DOMAIN ARCHAEA Thaumarchaeota Crenarchaeota Korarchaeota This node Euryarchaeota represents the common ancestor of archaea and DOMAIN EUKARYA eukaryotes Slime molds Fungi Animals Choanoflagellates Euglenids Parabasilids Diplomonads Red algae Green algae Land plants Foraminiferans Ciliates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Water molds Diatoms Brown algae Fungi, animals, and plants are small branch tips on the tree of life In spite of this graphic image, and the highlighted point on the lower right, your book, like most others, is organized as if there were only two kingdoms (Plantae and Animalia), as if nothing happened since Linnaeus! The three twigs highlighted on the tree are showing which level of modern Linnean taxonomy? Here is a phylogeny that covers some of the animals: http://thehurricanes.deviantart.com/gallery/ http://thehurricanes.deviantart.com/art/Phylogeny-with-Spongebob-156909686 David Hillis’ tree of life based on total genome sequences (at the time) Eukaryotes Archaeons How many twigs would be on this diagram if ALL the extant organisms were shown? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Tree_of_life_SVG.svg ? Prokaryotes Time Dimension? David Hillis’ tree of life based on rRNA sequence analysis (at press time) Because this analysis is easier/faster, more species can be included! http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/tree.pdf origin Darwin’s Four Postulates • Darwin broke the process of evolution by natural selection into four criteria, or postulates 1. Individuals in a population vary in their traits 2. Some of these differences are heritable; they are passed on to offspring Darwin’s Four Postulates 3. In each generation, many more offspring are produced than can survive • Only some will survive long enough to reproduce • Some will produce more offspring than others 4. Individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce • Natural selection occurs when individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits • The individuals are selected naturally, by the environment Darwin’s Four Postulates • Evolution is thus a logical outcome of the four postulates…notably at the population level of organization over generations…NOT within the lifespan of one individual! • Modern biologists condense Darwin’s four steps into two statements: Evolution by natural selection occurs when: 1. Heritable variation leads to 2. Differential reproductive success Figure 25.4 Tulerpeton (362 mya) Acanthostega (365 mya) Tiktaalik (375 mya) Time Fin rays Eusthenopteron (385 mya) Figure 25.9 Tetrapod Limb: Homologous Structures Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Turtle Human Horse Bird crawl type run arm-fly Bat hand-fly Seal swim Figure 25.5 Spider monkey tail Human coccyx (vestigial tail) Figure 25.8 Gill pouch Tail Chick Gill pouch Tail Human Gill pouch Tail House cat Figure 25.15 Medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) Daphne Major Click Here During Slide Show To Watch The Video! Darwin’s Four Postulates • Evolution is a logical outcome of four postulates… – populations have natural variation – the organism’s features are heritable – more offspring are produced than can survive – some individuals produce more offspring because of the environment • Modern biologists condense Darwin’s four steps into two statements: Evolution by natural selection occurs when: 1. Heritable variation leads to 2. Differential reproductive success Figure 25.16 Did natural selection on ground finches occur when the environment changed? Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought. No changes in beak characteristics occurred in response to a drought. Weigh and measure all birds in the population before and after the drought. Number of finches Average Average beak depth in the population increased 1976: Before drought N 751 (all birds on island) 1978: After drought N 90 (survivors) Beak depth (mm) Natural selection occurred. The characteristics of the population have changed. Figure 25.16-1 Did natural selection on ground finches occur when the environment changed? Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought. No changes in beak characteristics occurred in response to a drought. Figure 25.16-2 Did natural selection on ground finches occur when the environment changed? Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought. No changes in beak characteristics occurred in response to a drought. Weigh and measure all birds in the population before and after the drought. Figure 25.16 Did natural selection on ground finches occur when the environment changed? Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought. No changes in beak characteristics occurred in response to a drought. Weigh and measure all birds in the population before and after the drought. ? Number of finches Average Average beak depth in the population increased 1976: Before drought N 751 (all birds on island) 1978: After drought N 90 (survivors) Beak depth (mm) Natural selection occurred. The characteristics of the population have changed. Figure 25.16 Did natural selection on ground finches occur when the environment changed? Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought. No changes in beak characteristics occurred in response to a drought. Weigh and measure all birds in the population before and after the drought. What statistical value is a measure of population variation? Number of finches Average Average beak depth in the population increased 1976: Before drought N 751 (all birds on island) 1978: After drought N 90 (survivors) Beak depth (mm) Natural selection occurred. The characteristics of the population have changed. Figure 25.16-4 is natural variation evident? did the drought select individuals of better fitness for increased reproduction? Number of finches Average Average beak depth in the population increased 1976: Before drought N 751 (all birds on island) 1978: After drought N 90 (survivors) Beak depth (mm) Natural selection occurred. The characteristics of the population have changed. Darwin’s Four Postulates • Evolution is a logical outcome of four postulates… – populations have natural variation – the organism’s features are heritable – more offspring are produced than can survive – some individuals produce more offspring because of the environment • Modern biologists condense Darwin’s four steps into two statements: Evolution by natural selection occurs when: 1. Heritable variation leads to 2. Differential reproductive success Figure 25.18 Bmp4 is a gene whose expression is shown by in situ hybridization: Lower Bmp4 expression Higher Bmp4 expression (dark area) in embryo’s beak (dark area) in embryo’s beak 2 mm Shallow adult beak Geospiza fortis Deep adult beak 2 mm Geospiza magnirostris Figure 25.19 Bacteria Which dimension shows the progression of time? Last universal common ancestor (LUCA) Archaea Flowering plants Mosses Tapeworms The branches on the tree represent the relatedness of populations. All of the species have evolved from a common ancestor. None is “higher” than any other Vertebrates Fungi