Download Taxonomy - Ross Koning

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Carolus Linnaeus (aka Carl von Linné)
Swedish Botanist,
Physician, and Zoologist
1707 - 1778
Developed a hierarchial
classification scheme do
deal with all these
organisms, and we use
to this day (though we
are moving away from it
a little bit)!
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Carl_von_Linné.jpg
Taxonomy is also Hierarchial!
The Organisms are Diverse: Taxonomy
Domain
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eubacteria
Gram +
Archaea
Protista
(Chromista)
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Phylum
Proteobacteria
Euryarchaeota
Phaeophyta
Anthophyta
Magnoliophyta
Basidiomycota
Chordata
Class
Gammaproteobacteria
--
Phaeophyceae
Dicotyledonae
Hymenomycetes
Mammalia
Order
Enterobacteriales
Halobacteriales
Fucales
Rosales
Agaricales
Primates
Family
Enterobacteriaceae
Halobacteriaceae
Fucaceae
Rosaceae
Agaricaceae
Hominidae
Genus
Escherichia
Halobacterium
Fucus
Rosa
Agaricus
Homo
Species
E. coli
H. salinarum
F. distichus
R. multiflora
A. bisporus
H. sapiens
Common
DH5
Halophytic
archaeon
Rockweed
Wild Rose
Mushroom
Human
Kingdom
How many organisms are there?
What is a species?
Animal species concept…
if offspring are fertile then same species…
does not apply to species of other
kingdoms:
Prokaryotes (no sex)
Allopolyploidy in plants
Horse: Equus caballus
Donkey: Equus asinus
X
http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/JNB/JNB002/00099924.jpg
http://www.explorecrete.com/albums/album19/donkey.jpg
Mule: Sterile Hybrid
http://www.muleranch.com/Clients/RedPeak-JerryHeitzlerMule.gif
Wolf
Canis lupus
German Shepherd Dog
Canis familiaris
X
X
http://www.dog.com/breed/docgrafx/germshep.jpg
Coydog
Wolfdog
Fertile
Hybrids!
http://www.city.west-lafayette.in.us/wlpd/coyredw.jpg
http://www.leerburg.com/Photos/wolfdog-05.jpg
http://www.ecores.uzhgorod.ua/Fotogalereya/fauna/Canis_lupus_01.JPG
http://museum.utep.edu/chih/theland/animals/mammals/clatrans.jpeg
Coyote
Canis latrans
Homo sapiens
Learn your own Latin binomial.
Our genus means “self” not gender identity
Our epithet: we think that we think!
Our epithet always ends in ‘s’:
One Homo sapiens is the instructor.
There are many Homo sapiens in class.
Italics in print, underscored in manuscript.
I am a Homo sapiens.
√
How many organisms are there?
Good Question! Let’s exclude extinct species!
Many extant are unknown so we estimate!
Bacteria: 10,000
Archaea: 1,000
Protista: 20,000
(includes Stramenopila and Rhodophyta)
Plantae: 285,000
(mostly flowering)
Fungi: 110,000
Animalia: 1,400,000
(mostly arthropods)
Charles Darwin - British Naturalist
Formal Studies: Medicine and Theology
1809 - 1882
Descent with
Modification
http://www2.biologie.unihalle.de/zool/mol_ecol/Bilder/DarwinBild.jpg
1880 The Power of
Movement in Plants
1871 Descent of Man
1859 Origin of Species
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3e/Charles_Darwin_1854.jpg
Species evolved from generation to generation over time
1831-1836 HMS Beagle Voyage
http://www.omniscopic.com/blog/uploaded_images/darwin-791061.jpg
Darwin’s Tree of Life (1859) the only figure in:
On the Origin of Species
future time
present
many
more
many
more
The Roman
numerals
each
represent
1000
generations
past time
The letters A-L represent
hypothetical progenitor species
within a single genus
Notice the very large number of extinctions!
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Darwins_tree_of_life_1859.gif
Question 14 Page 15
before nucleus
true nucleus
Turn back to the tree of life shown in Figure 1.5. Note that Bacteria and
Archaea are prokaryotes, while Eukarya are eukaryotes. On the simplified
tree below, draw an arrow that points to the branch where the structure
called the nucleus originated. Explain your reasoning.
DOMAIN
DOMAIN
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA
EUKARYA
Page 7 Figure 1.5
DOMAIN BACTERIA
Mycoplasma
How is this graphic
from your book the
same, and how is it
different from the
other depictions of
the “Tree of Life”
you have seen so
far?
In which direction is
the axis of time
shown?
The long list of
organisms down the
right are?
Firmicutes
Cyanobacteria
Actinobacteria
Spirochaetes
Chlamydiae
Bacteriodetes
-Proteobacteria
-Proteobacteria
-Proteobacteria
This node
represents the
common ancestor
of all organisms
alive today
-Proteobacteria
-Proteobacteria
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Thaumarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
Korarchaeota
This node
Euryarchaeota
represents the
common ancestor
of archaea and
DOMAIN EUKARYA
eukaryotes
Slime molds
Fungi
Animals
Choanoflagellates
Euglenids
Parabasilids
Diplomonads
Red algae
Green algae
Land plants
Foraminiferans
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Water molds
Diatoms
Brown algae
Fungi,
animals,
and plants
are small
branch tips
on the
tree of life
In spite of this
graphic image, and
the highlighted point
on the lower right,
your book, like most
others, is organized
as if there were only
two kingdoms
(Plantae and
Animalia), as if
nothing happened
since Linnaeus!
The three twigs
highlighted on the
tree are showing
which level of
modern Linnean
taxonomy?
Here is a phylogeny that covers some of the animals:
http://thehurricanes.deviantart.com/gallery/
http://thehurricanes.deviantart.com/art/Phylogeny-with-Spongebob-156909686
David Hillis’
tree of life
based on total
genome
sequences (at
the time)
Eukaryotes
Archaeons
How many
twigs would be
on this diagram
if ALL the
extant
organisms
were shown?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Tree_of_life_SVG.svg
?
Prokaryotes
Time
Dimension?
David Hillis’
tree of life
based on rRNA
sequence
analysis (at
press time)
Because this
analysis is
easier/faster,
more species
can be
included!
http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/tree.pdf
origin
Darwin’s Four Postulates
• Darwin broke the process of evolution by
natural selection into four criteria, or
postulates
1. Individuals in a population vary in their traits
2. Some of these differences are heritable; they are
passed on to offspring
Darwin’s Four Postulates
3. In each generation, many more offspring are
produced than can survive
• Only some will survive long enough to reproduce
• Some will produce more offspring than others
4. Individuals with certain heritable traits are more
likely to survive and reproduce
• Natural selection occurs when individuals with certain
traits produce more offspring than do individuals
without those traits
• The individuals are selected naturally, by the
environment
Darwin’s Four Postulates
• Evolution is thus a logical outcome of the four
postulates…notably at the population level of
organization over generations…NOT within
the lifespan of one individual!
• Modern biologists condense Darwin’s four
steps into two statements: Evolution by
natural selection occurs when:
1. Heritable variation leads to
2. Differential reproductive success
Figure 25.4
Tulerpeton (362 mya)
Acanthostega (365 mya)
Tiktaalik (375 mya)
Time
Fin rays
Eusthenopteron (385 mya)
Figure 25.9
Tetrapod Limb: Homologous Structures
Humerus
Radius
and ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Turtle
Human
Horse
Bird
crawl
type
run
arm-fly
Bat
hand-fly
Seal
swim
Figure 25.5
Spider
monkey
tail
Human coccyx
(vestigial tail)
Figure 25.8
Gill pouch
Tail
Chick
Gill pouch
Tail
Human
Gill pouch
Tail
House cat
Figure 25.15
Medium ground finch
(Geospiza fortis)
Daphne Major
Click Here During Slide Show To Watch The Video!
Darwin’s Four Postulates
• Evolution is a logical outcome of four
postulates…
– populations have natural variation
– the organism’s features are heritable
– more offspring are produced than can survive
– some individuals produce more offspring because
of the environment
• Modern biologists condense Darwin’s four
steps into two statements: Evolution by
natural selection occurs when:
1. Heritable variation leads to
2. Differential reproductive success
Figure 25.16
Did natural selection on ground
finches occur when the environment changed?
Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought.
No changes in beak characteristics occurred
in response to a drought.
Weigh and measure all
birds in the population
before and after the
drought.
Number of finches
Average
Average beak
depth in the
population
increased
1976: Before drought
N  751 (all birds on island)
1978: After drought
N  90 (survivors)
Beak depth (mm)
Natural selection occurred. The characteristics of the
population have changed.
Figure 25.16-1
Did natural selection on ground
finches occur when the environment changed?
Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought.
No changes in beak characteristics occurred
in response to a drought.
Figure 25.16-2
Did natural selection on ground
finches occur when the environment changed?
Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought.
No changes in beak characteristics occurred
in response to a drought.
Weigh and measure all
birds in the population
before and after the
drought.
Figure 25.16
Did natural selection on ground
finches occur when the environment changed?
Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought.
No changes in beak characteristics occurred
in response to a drought.
Weigh and measure all
birds in the population
before and after the
drought.
?
Number of finches
Average
Average beak
depth in the
population
increased
1976: Before drought
N  751 (all birds on island)
1978: After drought
N  90 (survivors)
Beak depth (mm)
Natural selection occurred. The characteristics of the
population have changed.
Figure 25.16
Did natural selection on ground
finches occur when the environment changed?
Beak characteristics changed in response to a drought.
No changes in beak characteristics occurred
in response to a drought.
Weigh and measure all
birds in the population
before and after the
drought.
What
statistical
value is a
measure of
population
variation?
Number of finches
Average
Average beak
depth in the
population
increased
1976: Before drought
N  751 (all birds on island)
1978: After drought
N  90 (survivors)
Beak depth (mm)
Natural selection occurred. The characteristics of the
population have changed.
Figure 25.16-4
is natural
variation
evident?
did the
drought select
individuals of
better fitness
for increased
reproduction?
Number of finches
Average
Average beak
depth in the
population
increased
1976: Before drought
N  751 (all birds on island)
1978: After drought
N  90 (survivors)
Beak depth (mm)
Natural selection occurred. The characteristics of the
population have changed.
Darwin’s Four Postulates
• Evolution is a logical outcome of four
postulates…
– populations have natural variation
– the organism’s features are heritable
– more offspring are produced than can survive
– some individuals produce more offspring because
of the environment
• Modern biologists condense Darwin’s four
steps into two statements: Evolution by
natural selection occurs when:
1. Heritable variation leads to
2. Differential reproductive success
Figure 25.18
Bmp4 is a gene whose expression is shown by
in situ hybridization:
Lower Bmp4 expression
Higher Bmp4 expression
(dark area) in embryo’s beak
(dark area) in embryo’s beak
2 mm
Shallow
adult beak
Geospiza fortis
Deep
adult
beak
2 mm
Geospiza magnirostris
Figure 25.19
Bacteria
Which dimension
shows the
progression of time?
Last
universal
common
ancestor
(LUCA)
Archaea
Flowering
plants
Mosses
Tapeworms
The branches on the tree
represent the relatedness
of populations. All of the
species have evolved from
a common ancestor. None
is “higher” than any other
Vertebrates
Fungi