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CHAPTER 3: THE ROOTS OF ISLAM Section 1: Caravan Cities The Arabian Peninsula’s Empty Quarter is one of the driest deserts on Earth Almost all regions of this peninsula receive some amount of rainfall except the Empty Quarter Arabian Peninsula consists of the Syrian Desert to the north and the TigrisEuphrates river system to the west. The dry region in the center, however, is dotted with oases (plural of oasis)small areas in a desert that are watered by springs or wells EARLY ARABIA AT AN OASIS Water determined where people gathered and on what routes they traveled Journeys were planned from well to well, or oasis to oasis Towns and cities grew around these water sources At the peninsula’s interior, oases attracted families of nomadspeople who migrated from place to place, following water and grazing land for their camel herds At oases, the nomads would visit towns and villages Brought products such as camel meat and milk to trade In exchange, villagers traded grain weapons, carpets, cloth, sugar, and tea NOMADIC LIFE In order to survive in the desert environment, nomads lived in close family groups with grandparents, parents, and children These families often joined together to form tribes Each tribe was headed by a respected elder called a shaikh- often settled family and tribal disputes Nomads believed in some sort of Creator and also made idols to represent the “sons and daughters of God” TOWNS AND TRADES The Arabian peninsula was inhabited by three types of communities: towns, agricultural villages, and nomadic tribes. Towns were built along trade routes- as traders crossed the desert, they stopped at the oases and nearby towns for supplies Various people traveled the desert routes bringing exotic cloth and fragrant spices from India: ivory, gold, and ebony from Africa; as well as Arabian horses and camels The remains of Petra, a former trading city, can be found in the northwest corner of the Arabian peninsula and now known for its beauty Travelers began stopping at this center as early as 300 BC In the open-air marketplace, or suq, wheat, olive oil, wine, hides, slaves, precious stones, and spices were traded Muslims believe that the founding and settling of Mecca is related to the story of Abraham and his son Ishmael According to teachings, Abraham and Ishmael built a cube-shaped shrine called the Ka’bah as a reminder of Abraham’s firm belief in one God A tradition continues of visiting the Ka’bah and walking around it By AD 500, Mecca had become the most successful trade center in Arabia THE HOLY CITY OF MECCA CHAPTER 3 Lesson 2: Muhammad and Islam THE LIFE OF A PROPHET Muhammad was born around AD 570 and was orphaned at an early age Married a wealthy widow which gave him the freedom to travel each year to think On one of these trips, it is believed he was visited by the angel Gabriel who messages from God In another vision, the angel Gabriel took Mohammad to meet Abraham, Moses, and Jesus in Jerusalem- from Jerusalem both Muhammad and Gabriel ascended into heaven where Muhammad spoke to God These visions confirm that Islam is a monotheistic faith- meaning a belief in one God- and relay that Muhammad’s role was to be the last messenger in a long line of prophets sent by God (Allah) SPREADING THE WORD Muhammad first preached to his family and then eventually to leaders of his tribe Meccan leaders became hostile as Muhammad’s faith became widespread in the region To avoid death, Muhammad and his family and followers traveled to the oasis city of Medina Eventually plotted to have Muhammad killed This migration is known as the hijrah and marks the beginning of the Islamic lunar calendar Muhammad called his new faith Islam (submission to Allah) and believers in Islam are called Muslims (those who submit to Allah’s will) RETURNING TO MECCA During his time in Medina, support for Islam grew Muhammad was able to put together an army of more than 10,000 soldiers This army marched back to Mecca and the city surrendered without a battle Muhammad made many changes in Mecca Forgave all those who had opposed Islam Removed the idols from the Ka’bah Re-dedicated the Ka’bah to the one god Appointed the area around the Ka’bah as the first mosque- Muslim house of worship THE TEACHINGS OF ISLAM Muslims believe that the Qur’an is the word of Allah Muhammad had his revelations written down by his literate companions After his death, all of Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into one collection known as the Qur’an The Sunna, or words and deeds of Muhammad, were also compiled after his death Together, the Qur’an and the Sunna make up the authentic sources of Islamic beliefs and practices CHRISTIANITY/JUDAISM VS. ISLAM Many prophets and holy people who are important figures in the Bible are also described in the Qur’an Abraham is thought to be the father of Jews Abraham is also considered to be the father of Arabs The Bible is considered by Muslims to be based on God’s revelations However, Muslims consider the Bible to be less correct because it has suffered loss and change with time Christians and Jews are respected as “people of the book” and all their prophets are revered THE SUNNA The Sunna were the guiding rules for Islam and were based on the way Muhammad lived his own life The most basic of these rules were the Five Pillars of Islam 1. Profession of Faith: Muslims repeat “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet” 2. Prayer: Muslims must pray five times a day (include rituals such as washing before praying, bowing, kneeling while praying and facing Mecca when praying) 3. Giving alms/Showing charity to the poor: contribute to public charities, such as building mosques/schools/hospitals 4. Fasting during Ramadan (ninth month of the Muslim year): Muslims must not eat or drink from the break of dawn until the setting of the sun 5. Hajj: the pilgrimage to Mecca All Muslims who can afford it must take the pilgrimage at least once The Sunna also cover rituals involving diet, marriage, divorce, business contracts, and even the proper way to clean one’s teeth For example, Muslims are forbidden to eat pork, drink alcohol, or to gamble MISCONCEPTION ALERT!!! The term jihad is often misunderstood The term means “to struggle” and is understood as to do one’s best to resist temptation and overcome evil This struggle sometimes calls for action and the Sunna allows for self-defense and the right to defend against aggression and persecution AN ISLAMIC WAY OF LIFE CHAPTER 3 Lesson 3: Early Islam ISLAM AFTER MUHAMMAD When Muhammad died suddenly without naming a successor, his followers were stunned After his death, his most trusted advisers met to choose a caliph, Islamic successor of Muhammad Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law, was eventually chosen Abu Bakr’s first task was to put down revolts by tribes who renounced Islam after Muhammad died Under his rule, the Arabs became united again THE NEXT TWO CALIPHS Abu Bakr was only caliph for 2 years before he died Before his death, he appointed Umar as his successor Umar was an energetic leader and encouraged his armies to conquer more lands Muslims were extremely tolerant of those they conquered Allowed Christians and Jews to keep their churches and synagogues and promised them security Umar appointed a council to choose the next caliph, Uthman EARLY POLITICAL DIVISION Division occurred over who would succeed Uthman Ali had been a loyal companion of Muhammad and Muawiya was a relative of Uthman Followers of Ali became known as Shiites only accepted members of Muhammad’s family as his successors Denied the legitimacy of the first three caliphs Gave Ali title of Imam, guided successor of Muhammad Followers of the Sunna, or the example of Muhammad, are known as Sunni Muslims Accept the election of the first four caliphs Emphasize Muhammad’s teaching that every individual has a direct relationship with God