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NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DEFINITIONS 1 NUCLEOLI: These contain proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus and they manufacture RNA and are concerned with protein synthesis. 2 CHROMOSOMES: Chromosomes are long threads made of DNA and some protein. 3 CHROMATIN: When a cell Is not dividing the chromosomes are not visible but are in a very tangled mass. 4 RIBOSOME: Occur on the cytoplasm or outer membrane of ER and these are concerned with protein synthesis. Composed of RNA and protein. 5 GENES: A segment of DNA and it controls the making of specific proteins in the body, making that body unique and different. 6 DNA (DeoxiriboNucleic Acid): A double helix, which means it is like a twisted ladder. DNA is made of building-blocks called nucleotides and controls the synthesis of proteins and Hereditary information (genes) is found in the D.N.A. Genes, represented by a section of D.N.A. control the synthesis of proteins, which give a cell its structural individuality. 7 RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid): Single strand composed of nucleotides which carries the instructions of the segment of DNA (gene) which codes for a protein. 8 tRNA: with three free bases (the anticodon) and each tRNA attaches to it, a specific amino acid. 9 NUCLEOTIDE: The building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids. Four types depending on the nitrogenous base. 10 PAIRED NITROGENOUS BASES: In DNA: Cytosine and Guanine bond and Adenine and Thymine bond in the double helix. I RNA, no base pairing and Uracil replaces Thymine (C, G, A, U). 11 WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS: Between the paired nitrogenous bases in DNA which break during protein synthesis and DNA replication. 12 TRANSCRIPTION: First phase of protein synthesis when a segment of DNA codes for an mRNA. 13 TRANSLATION: Second phase in cytoplasm where mRNA codons attract tRNA in a sequence, each carrying a specific amino acid which joins a growing polypeptide chain. 14 TRIPLET CODON: Every three nitrogenous bases in DNA codes for one amino acid,. The codon is carried by the mRNA to the cytoplasm. 15 COMPLIMETARY BASE PAIRING: When nitrogenous bases pair up (C to G, A to T, and A to U)during protein synthesis and DNA replication. 16 DNA REPLICATION: During mitosis, DNA produces two identical copies f itself so that each daughter cell formed will have identical DNA to each other and to the original DNA.