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Realidades 2 Capítulo 1B Español III El 24 de Octubre 2014 Prueba Capítulo 2A El 29 de octubre 2014 THE MINI- LEZIONI required in the home journal every night PRELIMINAR- Por y PARA a glimpse into the uses of por and para Please read through the examples to become familiar with the uses described "Por" and "Para" "Por" and "para" have a variety of meanings, and they are often confused because they can each be translated as "for." Gracias por la información. Thanks for the information. Este regalo es para Juan. This gift is for Juan. To learn to use "por" and "para" correctly, you need to do two things: 1. Learn the rules for how por and para are used. 2. Memorize model sentences. "Por" has many uses, and so it is the more problematic of the two. Rule: to express gratitude or apology Model: Gracias por la ayuda. (Thanks for the help.) Rule: for multiplication and division Model: Dos por dos son cuatro. (Two times two equals four.) Rule: for velocity, frequency and proportion Model: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana. (I go to the restaurant five times per week.) Rule: meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of" Model: Andamos por el parque. (We walk through the park.) Rule: when talking about exchange, including sales Model: Él me dio diez dólares por el libro. (He gave me ten dollars for the book.) Rule: to mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of," Model: No voté por nadie. (I didn't vote for anyone.) Rule: to express a length of time Model: Yo estudié por dos horas. (I studied for two hours.) Rule: to express an undetermined, or general time, meaning "during" Model: Se puede ver las estrellas por la noche. (One can see the stars during the night.) Rule: for means of communication or transportation Model: Prefiero viajar por tren y hablar por teléfono. (I prefer to travel by train and speak by phone.) Rule: in cases of mistaken identity, or meaning "to be seen as" Model: Me tienen por loco. (They take me for crazy.) Rule: to show the reason for an errand (with ir, venir, pasar, mandar, volver, and preguntar) Model: Paso por ti a las ocho. (I'll come by for you at eight o'clock.) Rule: when followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use por + infinitive Model: La cena está por cocinar. (Dinner has yet to be cooked.) Rule: to express cause or reason Model: El hombre murió por falta de agua. The man died for lack of water. Rule: "estar por" means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something Model: Estoy por tomar café. (I'm in the mood for drinking coffee.) Rule: in passive constructions Model: El libro fue escrito por Octavio Paz. (The book was written by Octavio Paz.) "Por" also appears in many idiomatic expressions: por adelantado in advance por ahora for now por allí around there; that way por amor de Dios for the love of God por aquí around here; this way por casualidad by chance por ciento percent por cierto certainly por completo completely por dentro inside por desgracia unfortunately por ejemplo for example por eso therefore por favor please por fin finally por lo general generally por lo visto apparently por medio de by means of por lo menos at least por lo tanto consequently por mi parte as for me por ningún lado nowhere por otra parte on the other hand palabra por palabra word for word por primera vez for the first time por separado separately por supuesto of course por suerte fortunately por todas partes everywhere por todos lados on all sides por último finally "Para" -- in contrast, has relatively fewer uses. Rule: to indicate destination Model: El hombre salió para Madrid. (The man left for Madrid.) Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing Model: El vaso es para agua. (The glass is for water.) Rule: to mean "in order to" or "for the purpose of" Model: Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes. To make a paella, first sauté the meats. Rule: to indicate a recipient Model: Este regalo es para ti. (This gift is for you.) Rule: to express a deadline or specific time Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes. (I need the dress by Monday.) Rule: to express a contrast from what is expected Model: Para un niño lee muy bien. (For a child, he reads very well.) Rule: "estar para" to express an action that will soon be completed Model: El tren está para salir. (The train is about to leave.) It is quite important to learn to use these two prepositions correctly, because if you inadvertently substitute one for the other, you might end up saying something altogether different from what you had intended. Study the two examples: Juan compró el regalo para María. Juan bought the gift for Maria. (he bought it to give to her) Juan compró el regalo por María. Juan bought the gift for Maria. (he bought it because she could not) "Por" and "para" can also be used in questions. "¿Por qué?" means "Why?" (for what reason) while "¿Para qué?" means "Why?" (for what purpose). ¿Por qué estudias español? For what reason do you study Spanish? Possible answer: Porque es un requisito. Because it's required. ¿Para qué estudias español? For what purpose do you study Spanish? Possible answer: Para ser profesor de español. In order to become a Spanish teacher. Por y Para A more Detailed look at Por and Para Sample uses of Por: "Motion" Sample uses of Para: "Destination" Both por and para can both be translated often as the English preposition "For". In fact, originally Por and Para came from the same Latin word "pro". Pro later split into por and por a which eventually became por and para respectively. Por and Para evolved in different directions and each has a wide range of meaning that contrasts with the other. For example, if you want to order a bottle of wine for your friend at a restaurant, you must be sure to say, Quiero una botella de vino para mi amiga. Why? Because if you say, Quiero una botella de vino por mi amiga, you have just offered your friend to the waiter in exchange for a bottle of wine! So you can see that it is important to grasp the different uses of Por and Para! The main difference is that: Por refers to movement: through time or space Para refers to destinations: places, times, people, or goals ANTES DE…. + the infinitive Después de…+ the infinitive Here the infinitive acts qas an “..ing” verb” Antes de lavarme la cara me cepillo los dientes. Después de estudiar, me acuesto. 2010-08-13 Mini lezione 12 to 15 minutes Of current lesson in HOME JOURNALS!!! Monday-Friday !!! Also review verbs each night 5 verbs per night at least!!! LA META LOS VERBOS REFLEXIVOS Reflexive Verbs: Part I Notes: 1. The written lesson is below. 2. Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left. A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same. I wash myself. subject: I verb: wash object: myself Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive. I wash the car. subject: I verb: wash object: car Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive. Here's another example of how a verb can be either reflexive or nonreflexive. I scratch myself. subject: I verb: scratch object: myself Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive. I scratch the dog. subject: I verb: scratch object: dog Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive. When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se." lavar to wash (non-reflexive) lavarse to wash oneself (reflexive) rascar to scratch (non-reflexive) rascarse to scratch oneself (reflexive) There is one reflexive verb you have been using since you began studying Spanish. llamarse - to call oneself ¿Cómo se llama usted? What do you call yourself? Me llamo Juan. I call myself Juan. Note: A more "natural" translation would be "What is your name?" and "My name is Juan." When you learned to conjugate regular verbs, you needed to learn a set of pronouns called "subject pronouns." lavar yo lavo tú lavas él, ella, usted lava nosotros/as lavamos vosotros/as laváis ellos, ellas, ustedes lavan To learn to conjugate reflexive verbs, you need to learn a different set of pronouns called "reflexive pronouns." These pronouns are positioned before the verb, while the ending "se" is dropped and the verb is conjugated normally. lavarse yo me lavo I wash (myself) tú te lavas you wash (yourself) (informal) él se lava he washes (himself) ella se lava she washes (herself) usted se lava you wash (yourself) (formal) nosotros nos lavamos we wash (ourselves) nosotras nos lavamos we wash (ourselves) (feminine) vosotros os laváis you-all wash (yourselves) (informal) vosotras os laváis you-all wash (yourselves) (informal, feminine) ustedes se lavan you-all wash (yourselves)(formal) ellos se lavan they wash (themselves) ellas se lavan they wash (themselves) (feminine) The reflexive pronouns are not subject pronouns; rather they are object pronouns. me (myself) te (yourself) se (himself, herself, yourself) nos (ourselves) os (yourselves) se (themselves, yourselves) The purpose of the reflexive object pronouns is to show that the action of the verb remains with the subject. Juan se lava la cara. Juan washes his face. (reflexive) Juan lava su carro. (non-reflexive) Juan washes his car. Note: When referring to body parts, use the definite article, thus "la cara" not "su cara." Note that many, many verbs can be made reflexive. All it means when a verb is reflexive is that the action remains with the subject. wash the dog (non-reflexive) wash your face (reflexive) raise the book (non-reflexive) raise your arm (reflexive) put the baby to bed (non-reflexive) go to bed (reflexive) wake up your son (non-reflexive) wake up yourself (reflexive) ...and so on Direct Object Pronouns: Part I The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object. Bill hit the ball. "Ball" receives the action of the verb "hit." Sherry reads the book. "Book" receives the action of the verb "reads." The direct object can also be a person. Sherry sees Bill. (DO=Bill) Example 1 Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife. Example 2 Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife. When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns: me (me) te (you-familiar) lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal) le YOU formal when speaking to a male in most Spanish-speaking counries nos (us) os (you-all-familiar) los, las (them, you-all-formal) In an affirmative statement with one verb, the direct object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb. Tengo = I have Tengo la pluma. = I have the pen. La tengo. = I have it. The pronoun (la) comes immediately before the verb (tengo). Notice that if the subject of the sentence changes, this does not affect the direct object pronoun. Juan la tiene. Juan tiene = John has Juan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen. Juan la tiene. = John has it. and María la tiene. María tiene = Mary has María tiene la pluma. = Mary has the pen. María la tiene. = Mary has it. However, if the direct object of the sentence changes to a masculine noun, the masculine pronoun must be used. Juan lo tiene. Juan tiene = John has Juan tiene el libro. = John has the book. Juan lo tiene. = John has it. but Juan la tiene. Juan tiene = John has Juan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen. Juan la tiene. = John has it. Likewise, if the direct object of the sentence changes from singular to plural, the plural pronoun must be used. Juan lo tiene. Juan tiene = John has Juan tiene el libro. = John has the book. Juan lo tiene. = John has it. but María los tiene. María tiene = Mary has María tiene los libros. = Mary has the books. María los tiene. = Mary has them. Look at how Spanish and English are different. "Lo tengo" and "La tengo" BOTH mean "I have it." Differences: 1. "It" has two forms in Spanish: lo, la 2. "Tengo" one word in Spanish = two words in English (I have) 3. The word order is different. In Spanish, the pronoun (lo, la) comes before the verb; in English, the pronoun (it) comes after the verb. When you try to translate literally from English to Spanish, sometimes it works very well: John eats the soup. John = Juan John eats = Juan come John eats the = Juan come la John eats the soup = Juan come la sopa. Other times, direct translation doesn't work so well: I eat the soup. I = Yo I eat = Yo como I eat the = Yo como la I eat the soup = Yo como la sopa. Because "como" means "I eat," the word "yo" is redundant. A better translation might be: I eat the soup. Como la sopa. Sometimes, when you try to translate literally, you run into much bigger problems: I eat it. (the soup - la sopa) I = Yo I eat = Yo como I eat it. = Yo como la. This is completely incorrect! The correct translation would be: I eat it. (the soup) La como. As you can see, directly translating sentences with direct object pronouns doesn't work, so ... don't do it! There is a better, easier way. Learn to translate groups of words, rather than individual words. The first step is to learn to view two Spanish words as a single phrase. Try to think of each line as a single phrase, not two separate words: la como lo como la leo lo leo la veo lo veo la tengo lo tengo la compro lo compro Read each line again. Before you do, glance at the translation beneath it. Then, read each line thinking of it as a phrase that has the same meaning as the English phrase below it. la como I eat it (feminine DO - la sopa, la comida, etc.) lo como I eat it (masculine DO - el pollo, el arroz, etc.) la leo I read it lo leo I read it la veo I see it lo veo I see it la tengo I have it lo tengo I have it la compro I buy it lo compro I buy it In the previous examples, it is clear that the subject of the sentence is "I" because the verbs are all conjugated in the "yo" form. With other verb forms, it is often desirable to add a word to clarify the subject. Juan la come. (la comida) Juan eats it. María lo tiene. (el libro) María has it. El chico la compra. (la pluma) The boy buys it. La chica lo ve. (el edificio) The girl sees it. Ustedes lo leen. (el periódico) You-all read it. Now, some examples of plural direct objects. Juan come dos sándwiches. Los come. or Juan los come. María tiene tres libros. Los tiene. or María los tiene. El chico compra dos revistas. Las compra. or El chico las compra. La chica ve dos coches. Los ve. or La chica los ve. Ella compra dos televisores. Los compra. or Ella los compra. Tenemos dos mesas. Las tenemos. or Nosotros las tenemos. Now, some examples where the direct object is a person. I know you. Te conozco. She loves him. Ella lo ama. She loves me. Ella me ama. Juan sees her. Juan la ve. They call us. Ellos nos llaman. We call them. Los llamamos. Indirect object pronouns Indirect Object Pronouns: Part I The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going. He gives the book to María. DO=Book Where is the book going? To María. IO=María He gives María the book. DO=Book Where is the book going? To María. IO=María The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed. He gives María the book. To whom does he give the book? To María. IO=María He buys me flowers. For whom does he buy the flowers? For me. IO=me Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object. Remember, the IO tells us where the DO is going. Notice how the sentences below just wouldn't work without a direct object. He gives María . . . the book, the pen, the diamond, etc. He buys me . . . flowers, candy, an ironing board, etc. Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is implied, or understood. My mother writes me every week. DO=letter (understood) IO=me (My mother writes me a letter every week.) She told him. DO=it (understood) IO=him (She told it to him.) To identify the indirect object use our two guidelines: 1. The IO tells us where the DO is going. 2. The IO answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom" the action of the verb is performed. When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the following pronouns: me (me) te (you-familiar) le (him, her, you-formal) nos (us) os (you-all-familiar) les (them, you-all-formal) In an affirmative statement with one verb, the indirect object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb. Juan me compra un regalo. John buys me a gift. John buys a gift for me. Juan te compra un regalo. John buys you a gift. John buys a gift for you. Juan le compra un regalo. John buys her a gift. John buys a gift for her. Juan nos compra un regalo. John buys us a gift. John buys a gift for us. Juan os compra un regalo. John buys you-all (familiar) a gift. John buys a gift for you-all. Juan les compra un regalo. John buys them a gift. John buys a gift for them. Now, focus in on one part of each of the previous examples: Juan me compra un regalo. John buys (for) me a gift. Juan te compra un regalo. John buys (for) you a gift. Juan le compra un regalo. John buys (for) her a gift. Juan nos compra un regalo. John buys (for) us a gift. Juan os compra un regalo. John buys (for) you-all (familiar) a gift. Juan les compra un regalo. John buys (for) them a gift. Let's extract the IO phrase and its English equivalent: me compra buys (for) me te compra buys (for) you le compra buys (for) her nos compra buys (for) us os compra buys (for) you-all les compra buys (for) them Just like with the direct object, the indirect object presents a problem if one tries to translate word-forword: Juan me compra un regalo. John for me he buys a gift. The key to learning to use the indirect object pronouns is the same as the key for direct object pronouns. You must learn to think in phrases, not words. The phrases consist of a pronoun and a conjugated verb. In the following examples, note that the IO remains the same, while the subject of the phrase changes. me compra he buys me me compran they buy me me compras you buy me The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because they are ambiguous. That is, they can stand for different things. le to (for) him to (for) her to (for) you-formal les to (for) them to (for) you-all-formal The following sentences, while grammatically correct, are ambiguous: Ella le escribe una carta. Ella les escribe una carta. Out of context, there is no way we can know the meaning. Ella le escribe una carta. She writes him a letter. She writes her a letter. She writes you (formal) a letter. Ella les escribe una carta. She writes them a letter. She writes you-all (formal) a letter. Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional phrase is often added to remove the ambiguity. Ella le escribe a Juan una carta. Ella le escribe a su hermana una carta. Ella le escribe a usted una carta. Ella les escribe a sus padres una carta. Ella les escribe a ustedes una carta. Sometimes a prepositional phrase is added not for clarity, but rather for emphasis. Juan me da a mí el dinero. John gives me the money. (emphasizing that the money is given to me and not to someone else) Juan te da a ti el dinero. John gives you the money. (emphasis on you) There is no ambiguity in the following sentence. It can only mean one thing. Juan me da el dinero. John gives me the money. The addition of a prepositional phrase merely adds emphasis. Juan me da a mí el dinero. John gives me the money. Let's sum up the important points of this lesson: The IO tells us where the DO is going. The IO answers the question "to whom" or "for whom." Sentences that have an IO usually also have a DO Sometimes the DO is not stated, but rather is implied, or understood. The IO pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, os, les. Place the pronoun before the conjugated verb. Think in phrases, do not translate word-forword. Le and les are ambiguous. Prepositional phrases are often used for clarity and for emphasis. BACK to reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Verbs: Part II I wash myself. subject: I verb: wash object: myself Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive. I wash the car. subject: I verb: wash object: car Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive. You also learned that when a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se." lavar to wash (non-reflexive) lavarse to wash oneself (reflexive) rascar to scratch (non-reflexive) rascarse to scratch oneself (reflexive) You should have memorized a set of pronouns called "reflexive pronouns." me (myself) te (yourself) se (himself, herself, yourself) nos (ourselves) os (yourselves) se (themselves, yourselves) You learned to conjugate reflexive verbs like this: lavarse yo me lavo I wash (myself) tú te lavas you wash (yourself) (informal) él/ella se lava he/she washes (him/herself) usted se lava you wash (yourself) (formal) nosotros/as nos lavamos we wash (ourselves) vosotros/as os laváis you-all wash (yourselves) (informal) ustedes se lavan you-all wash (yourselves) (formal) ellos/as se lavan they wash (themselves) In the lesson titled Direct Object Pronouns Part III you learned that when there are two verbs, you have two options on where to place the pronoun: before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive. I want to see it. (querer, ver) Lo quiero ver. Quiero verlo. Lo debemos comprar. Debemos comprarlo. We should buy it. María nos debe visitar. María debe visitarnos. Mary should visit us. Juan lo necesita lavar. Juan necesita lavarlo. John needs to wash it. The same is true regarding reflexive pronouns. When the sentence has two verbs, the pronoun can be placed directly before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive. I want to see myself. Me quiero ver. Quiero verme. John needs to wash his hair. Juan se necesita lavar el pelo. Juan necesita lavarse el pelo. Maria can wash her face now. Ahora María se puede lavar la cara. Ahora María puede lavarse la cara. I have just gone to bed. Acabo de acostarme. Me acabo de acostar. We prefer to wash with scented soap. Preferimos lavarnos con jabón perfumado. Nos preferimos lavar con jabón perfumado. Whenever a verb directly follows a preposition, it remains in the infinitive form. For reflexive verbs, the ending -se changes to agree with the subject. Observe the differences in the following sentences, all of which are about counting burros before falling asleep. Antes de dormirme, yo cuento burros. Antes de dormirte, tú cuentas burros. Antes de dormirse, la chica cuenta burros. Antes de dormirnos, nosotros contamos burros. Antes de dormiros, vosotros contáis burros. Antes de dormirse, los chicos cuentan burros. In English, many verbs can be used transitively (with a direct object) or intransitively (without a direct object). The sun dried the clothes. (transitive) The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive) In Spanish, these intransitive constructions frequently employ the reflexive form. The sun dried the clothes. (transitive) El sol secó la ropa. The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive) La ropa se secó al sol. Sometimes, the reflexive construction is used merely to emphasize who is performing the action of the sentence. The cake? Maria ate it. ¿La torta? María se la comió. For some verbs, the meaning changes when they are used reflexively. aburrir - to bore aburrirse - to be bored acordar - to agree acordarse de - to remember acostar - to put to bed acostarse - to go to bed casar - to perform a marriage ceremony casarse con - to become married to someone despedir - to fire despedirse de - to say goodbye dormir - to sleep dormirse - to fall asleep ir - to go irse - to go away, to leave morir - to die (abruptly, as of an accident, war, etc.) morirse - to die (as from natural causes; also "to die" figuratively) negar - to deny negarse a - to refuse parecer - to seem parecerse a - to resemble poner - to put ponerse - to put on probar - to try, to taste probarse - to try on quitar - to take away quitarse - to take off A few verbs are always used reflexively. arrepentirse (e:ie) - to repent atreverse a - to dare darse cuenta de - to realize jactarse de - to boast quejarse de - to complain about TAREA Realidades 2 TAREA REFLEXIVE VERBS LAW OF POSITION OF PRONOUNS THE MINI- LEZIONI required in the home journal every night Capítulo 1B I Mini lezione 12 to 15 minutes Of current lesson in HOME JOURNALS!!! Monday-Friday !!! REVIEW THE VERBS IN THE VERB PACKET! Review and conjugate 5 FIVE VERBS each night! In home journal ! PLEASE STUDY and PLEASE SPEAK SPANISH!!!!!