Download "Por" and "Para"

Realidades 2
Capítulo 1B
Español III
El 24 de
Octubre 2014
Prueba Capítulo 2A
El 29 de octubre 2014
THE MINI- LEZIONI required in the home
journal every night
PRELIMINAR-
Por y PARA a glimpse into the uses of por and para
Please read through the examples to become familiar with the uses described
"Por" and "Para"
"Por" and "para" have a variety of meanings, and they are often
confused because they can each be translated as "for."
Gracias por la información.
Thanks for the information.
Este regalo es para Juan.
This gift is for Juan.
To learn to use "por" and "para" correctly, you need to do two things:
1. Learn the rules for how por and para are used.
2. Memorize model sentences.
"Por" has many uses, and so it is the more problematic of the two.
Rule: to express gratitude or apology
Model: Gracias por la ayuda.
(Thanks for the help.)
Rule: for multiplication and division
Model: Dos por dos son cuatro.
(Two times two equals four.)
Rule: for velocity, frequency and proportion
Model: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana.
(I go to the restaurant five times per week.)
Rule: meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of"
Model: Andamos por el parque.
(We walk through the park.)
Rule: when talking about exchange, including sales
Model: Él me dio diez dólares por el libro.
(He gave me ten dollars for the book.)
Rule: to mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of,"
Model: No voté por nadie.
(I didn't vote for anyone.)
Rule: to express a length of time
Model: Yo estudié por dos horas.
(I studied for two hours.)
Rule: to express an undetermined, or general time, meaning "during"
Model: Se puede ver las estrellas por la noche.
(One can see the stars during the night.)
Rule: for means of communication or transportation
Model: Prefiero viajar por tren y hablar por teléfono.
(I prefer to travel by train and speak by phone.)
Rule: in cases of mistaken identity, or meaning "to be seen as"
Model: Me tienen por loco.
(They take me for crazy.)
Rule: to show the reason for an errand (with ir, venir, pasar, mandar,
volver, and preguntar)
Model: Paso por ti a las ocho.
(I'll come by for you at eight o'clock.)
Rule: when followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains
to be completed, use por + infinitive
Model: La cena está por cocinar.
(Dinner has yet to be cooked.)
Rule: to express cause or reason
Model: El hombre murió por falta de agua.
The man died for lack of water.
Rule: "estar por" means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something
Model: Estoy por tomar café.
(I'm in the mood for drinking coffee.)
Rule: in passive constructions
Model: El libro fue escrito por Octavio Paz.
(The book was written by Octavio Paz.)
"Por" also appears in many idiomatic expressions:
por adelantado
in advance
por ahora
for now
por allí
around there; that way
por amor de Dios
for the love of God
por aquí
around here; this way
por casualidad
by chance
por ciento
percent
por cierto
certainly
por completo
completely
por dentro
inside
por desgracia
unfortunately
por ejemplo
for example
por eso
therefore
por favor
please
por fin
finally
por lo general
generally
por lo visto
apparently
por medio de
by means of
por lo menos
at least
por lo tanto
consequently
por mi parte
as for me
por ningún lado
nowhere
por otra parte
on the other hand
palabra por palabra
word for word
por primera vez
for the first time
por separado
separately
por supuesto
of course
por suerte
fortunately
por todas partes
everywhere
por todos lados
on all sides
por último
finally
"Para" -- in contrast, has relatively fewer uses.
Rule: to indicate destination
Model: El hombre salió para Madrid.
(The man left for Madrid.)
Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing
Model: El vaso es para agua.
(The glass is for water.)
Rule: to mean "in order to" or "for the purpose of"
Model: Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes.
To make a paella, first sauté the meats.
Rule: to indicate a recipient
Model: Este regalo es para ti.
(This gift is for you.)
Rule: to express a deadline or specific time
Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes.
(I need the dress by Monday.)
Rule: to express a contrast from what is expected
Model: Para un niño lee muy bien.
(For a child, he reads very well.)
Rule: "estar para" to express an action that will soon be completed
Model: El tren está para salir.
(The train is about to leave.)
It is quite important to learn to use these two prepositions correctly,
because if you inadvertently substitute one for the other, you might end
up saying something altogether different from what you had intended.
Study the two examples:
Juan compró el regalo para María.
Juan bought the gift for Maria.
(he bought it to give to her)
Juan compró el regalo por María.
Juan bought the gift for Maria.
(he bought it because she could not)
"Por" and "para" can also be used in questions. "¿Por qué?" means
"Why?" (for what reason) while "¿Para qué?" means "Why?" (for what
purpose).
¿Por qué estudias español?
For what reason do you study Spanish?
Possible answer:
Porque es un requisito.
Because it's required.
¿Para qué estudias español?
For what purpose do you study Spanish?
Possible answer:
Para ser profesor de español.
In order to become a Spanish teacher.
Por y Para
A more Detailed look at Por and Para
Sample uses of Por: "Motion"
Sample uses of Para: "Destination"
Both por and para can both be translated often as the English
preposition "For".
In fact, originally Por and Para came from the same Latin word
"pro". Pro later split into por and por a which eventually
became por and para respectively.
Por and Para evolved in different directions and each has a
wide range of meaning that contrasts with the other.
For example, if you want to order a bottle of wine for your
friend at a restaurant, you must be sure to say, Quiero una
botella de vino para mi amiga. Why?
Because if you say, Quiero una botella de vino por mi amiga,
you have just offered your friend to the waiter in exchange for
a bottle of wine! So you can see that it is important to grasp the
different uses of Por and Para!
The main difference is that:
Por refers to movement: through time or space
Para refers to destinations: places, times, people, or goals
ANTES DE…. + the infinitive
Después de…+ the infinitive
Here the infinitive acts qas an “..ing” verb”
Antes de lavarme la cara me cepillo los dientes.
Después de estudiar, me acuesto.
2010-08-13
Mini lezione
12 to 15 minutes
Of current lesson in
HOME JOURNALS!!!
Monday-Friday !!!
Also review verbs each
night 5 verbs per
night at least!!!
LA META
LOS VERBOS REFLEXIVOS
Reflexive Verbs: Part I
Notes:
1. The written lesson is below.
2. Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left.
A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.
I wash myself.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.
I wash the car.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: car
Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.
Here's another example of how a verb can be either reflexive or nonreflexive.
I scratch myself.
subject: I
verb: scratch
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.
I scratch the dog.
subject: I
verb: scratch
object: dog
Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.
When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."
lavar
to wash (non-reflexive)
lavarse
to wash oneself (reflexive)
rascar
to scratch (non-reflexive)
rascarse
to scratch oneself (reflexive)
There is one reflexive verb you have been using since you began
studying Spanish.
llamarse - to call oneself
¿Cómo se llama usted?
What do you call yourself?
Me llamo Juan.
I call myself Juan.
Note: A more "natural" translation would be "What is your name?" and
"My name is Juan."
When you learned to conjugate regular verbs, you needed to learn a set
of pronouns called "subject pronouns."
lavar
yo lavo
tú lavas
él, ella, usted lava
nosotros/as lavamos
vosotros/as laváis
ellos, ellas, ustedes lavan
To learn to conjugate reflexive verbs, you need to learn a different set of
pronouns called "reflexive pronouns." These pronouns are positioned
before the verb, while the ending "se" is dropped and the verb is
conjugated normally.
lavarse
yo me lavo
I wash (myself)
tú te lavas
you wash (yourself) (informal)
él se lava
he washes (himself)
ella se lava
she washes (herself)
usted se lava
you wash (yourself) (formal)
nosotros nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves)
nosotras nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves) (feminine)
vosotros os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal)
vosotras os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal, feminine)
ustedes se lavan
you-all wash (yourselves)(formal)
ellos se lavan
they wash (themselves)
ellas se lavan
they wash (themselves) (feminine)
The reflexive pronouns are not subject pronouns; rather they are object
pronouns.
me (myself)
te (yourself)
se (himself, herself, yourself)
nos (ourselves)
os (yourselves)
se (themselves, yourselves)
The purpose of the reflexive object pronouns is to show that the action
of the verb remains with the subject.
Juan se lava la cara.
Juan washes his face. (reflexive)
Juan lava su carro. (non-reflexive)
Juan washes his car.
Note: When referring to body parts, use the definite article, thus "la
cara" not "su cara."
Note that many, many verbs can be made reflexive. All it means when a
verb is reflexive is that the action remains with the subject.
wash the dog (non-reflexive)
wash your face (reflexive)
raise the book (non-reflexive)
raise your arm (reflexive)
put the baby to bed (non-reflexive)
go to bed (reflexive)
wake up your son (non-reflexive)
wake up yourself (reflexive)
...and so on
Direct Object Pronouns: Part I
The object that directly receives the action of the verb is
called the direct object.
Bill hit the ball.
"Ball" receives the action of the verb "hit."
Sherry reads the book.
"Book" receives the action of the verb "reads."
The direct object can also be a person.
Sherry sees Bill.
(DO=Bill)
Example 1
Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and
gave the flowers to his wife.
Example 2
Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave
them to his wife.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object,
use the following pronouns:
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)
le YOU formal when speaking to a male in most
Spanish-speaking counries
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
los, las (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the direct
object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated
verb.
Tengo = I have
Tengo la pluma. = I have the pen.
La tengo. = I have it.
The pronoun (la) comes immediately before the verb
(tengo).
Notice that if the subject of the sentence changes, this
does not affect the direct object pronoun.
Juan la tiene.
Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.
Juan la tiene. = John has it.
and
María la tiene.
María tiene = Mary has
María tiene la pluma. = Mary has the pen.
María la tiene. = Mary has it.
However, if the direct object of the sentence changes to a
masculine noun, the masculine pronoun must be used.
Juan lo tiene.
Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene el libro. = John has the book.
Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
but
Juan la tiene.
Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.
Juan la tiene. = John has it.
Likewise, if the direct object of the sentence changes from
singular to plural, the plural pronoun must be used.
Juan lo tiene.
Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene el libro. = John has the book.
Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
but
María los tiene.
María tiene = Mary has
María tiene los libros. = Mary has the books.
María los tiene. = Mary has them.
Look at how Spanish and English are different.
"Lo tengo" and "La tengo" BOTH mean "I have it."
Differences:
1. "It" has two forms in Spanish: lo, la
2. "Tengo" one word in Spanish = two words in English
(I have)
3. The word order is different. In Spanish, the pronoun
(lo, la) comes before the verb; in English, the
pronoun (it) comes after the verb.
When you try to translate literally from English to
Spanish, sometimes it works very well:
John eats the soup.
John = Juan
John eats = Juan come
John eats the = Juan come la
John eats the soup = Juan come la sopa.
Other times, direct translation doesn't work so well:
I eat the soup.
I = Yo
I eat = Yo como
I eat the = Yo como la
I eat the soup = Yo como la sopa.
Because "como" means "I eat," the word "yo" is
redundant. A better translation might be:
I eat the soup.
Como la sopa.
Sometimes, when you try to translate literally, you run
into much bigger problems:
I eat it. (the soup - la sopa)
I = Yo
I eat = Yo como
I eat it. = Yo como la.
This is completely incorrect!
The correct translation would be:
I eat it. (the soup)
La como.
As you can see, directly translating sentences with direct
object pronouns doesn't work, so ... don't do it! There is a
better, easier way.
Learn to translate groups of words, rather than individual
words. The first step is to learn to view two Spanish
words as a single phrase.
Try to think of each line as a single phrase, not two
separate words:
la como
lo como
la leo
lo leo
la veo
lo veo
la tengo
lo tengo
la compro
lo compro
Read each line again. Before you do, glance at the
translation beneath it. Then, read each line thinking of it
as a phrase that has the same meaning as the English
phrase below it.
la como
I eat it (feminine DO - la sopa, la comida, etc.)
lo como
I eat it (masculine DO - el pollo, el arroz, etc.)
la leo
I read it
lo leo
I read it
la veo
I see it
lo veo
I see it
la tengo
I have it
lo tengo
I have it
la compro
I buy it
lo compro
I buy it
In the previous examples, it is clear that the subject of the
sentence is "I" because the verbs are all conjugated in the
"yo" form. With other verb forms, it is often desirable to
add a word to clarify the subject.
Juan la come. (la comida)
Juan eats it.
María lo tiene. (el libro)
María has it.
El chico la compra. (la pluma)
The boy buys it.
La chica lo ve. (el edificio)
The girl sees it.
Ustedes lo leen. (el periódico)
You-all read it.
Now, some examples of plural direct objects.
Juan come dos sándwiches.
Los come. or Juan los come.
María tiene tres libros.
Los tiene. or María los tiene.
El chico compra dos revistas.
Las compra. or El chico las compra.
La chica ve dos coches.
Los ve. or La chica los ve.
Ella compra dos televisores.
Los compra. or Ella los compra.
Tenemos dos mesas.
Las tenemos. or Nosotros las tenemos.
Now, some examples where the direct object is a person.
I know you.
Te conozco.
She loves him.
Ella lo ama.
She loves me.
Ella me ama.
Juan sees her.
Juan la ve.
They call us.
Ellos nos llaman.
We call them.
Los llamamos.
Indirect object pronouns
Indirect Object Pronouns:
Part I
The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct
object (DO) is going.
He gives the book to María.
DO=Book
Where is the book going?
To María.
IO=María
He gives María the book.
DO=Book
Where is the book going?
To María.
IO=María
The indirect object answers the question "To
whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is
performed.
He gives María the book.
To whom does he give the book?
To María.
IO=María
He buys me flowers.
For whom does he buy the flowers?
For me.
IO=me
Sentences that have an indirect object usually also
have a direct object. Remember, the IO tells us
where the DO is going. Notice how the sentences
below just wouldn't work without a direct object.
He gives María . . .
the book, the pen, the diamond, etc.
He buys me . . .
flowers, candy, an ironing board, etc.
Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is
implied, or understood.
My mother writes me every week.
DO=letter (understood)
IO=me
(My mother writes me a letter every week.)
She told him.
DO=it (understood)
IO=him
(She told it to him.)
To identify the indirect object use our two
guidelines:
1. The IO tells us where the DO is going.
2. The IO answers the question "to whom?" or
"for whom" the action of the verb is performed.
When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the
indirect object, use the following pronouns:
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
le (him, her, you-formal)
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
les (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the
indirect object pronoun comes immediately before
the conjugated verb.
Juan me compra un regalo.
John buys me a gift.
John buys a gift for me.
Juan te compra un regalo.
John buys you a gift.
John buys a gift for you.
Juan le compra un regalo.
John buys her a gift.
John buys a gift for her.
Juan nos compra un regalo.
John buys us a gift.
John buys a gift for us.
Juan os compra un regalo.
John buys you-all (familiar) a gift.
John buys a gift for you-all.
Juan les compra un regalo.
John buys them a gift.
John buys a gift for them.
Now, focus in on one part of each of the previous
examples:
Juan me compra un regalo.
John buys (for) me a gift.
Juan te compra un regalo.
John buys (for) you a gift.
Juan le compra un regalo.
John buys (for) her a gift.
Juan nos compra un regalo.
John buys (for) us a gift.
Juan os compra un regalo.
John buys (for) you-all (familiar) a gift.
Juan les compra un regalo.
John buys (for) them a gift.
Let's extract the IO phrase and its English
equivalent:
me compra
buys (for) me
te compra
buys (for) you
le compra
buys (for) her
nos compra
buys (for) us
os compra
buys (for) you-all
les compra
buys (for) them
Just like with the direct object, the indirect object
presents a problem if one tries to translate word-forword:
Juan me compra un regalo.
John for me he buys a gift.
The key to learning to use the indirect object
pronouns is the same as the key for direct object
pronouns. You must learn to think in phrases, not
words. The phrases consist of a pronoun and a
conjugated verb. In the following examples, note
that the IO remains the same, while the subject of
the phrase changes.
me compra
he buys me
me compran
they buy me
me compras
you buy me
The IO pronouns le and les present a special
problem because they are ambiguous. That is, they
can stand for different things.
le
to (for) him
to (for) her
to (for) you-formal
les
to (for) them
to (for) you-all-formal
The following sentences, while grammatically
correct, are ambiguous:
Ella le escribe una carta.
Ella les escribe una carta.
Out of context, there is no way we can know the
meaning.
Ella le escribe una carta.
She writes him a letter.
She writes her a letter.
She writes you (formal) a letter.
Ella les escribe una carta.
She writes them a letter.
She writes you-all (formal) a letter.
Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a
prepositional phrase is often added to remove the
ambiguity.
Ella le escribe a Juan una carta.
Ella le escribe a su hermana una carta.
Ella le escribe a usted una carta.
Ella les escribe a sus padres una carta.
Ella les escribe a ustedes una carta.
Sometimes a prepositional phrase is added not for
clarity, but rather for emphasis.
Juan me da a mí el dinero.
John gives me the money.
(emphasizing that the money is given to me and not
to someone else)
Juan te da a ti el dinero.
John gives you the money. (emphasis on you)
There is no ambiguity in the following sentence. It
can only mean one thing.
Juan me da el dinero.
John gives me the money.
The addition of a prepositional phrase merely adds
emphasis.
Juan me da a mí el dinero.
John gives me the money.
Let's sum up the important points of this lesson:









The IO tells us where the DO is going.
The IO answers the question "to whom" or "for
whom."
Sentences that have an IO usually also have a
DO
Sometimes the DO is not stated, but rather is
implied, or understood.
The IO pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, os, les.
Place the pronoun before the conjugated verb.
Think in phrases, do not translate word-forword.
Le and les are ambiguous.
Prepositional phrases are often used for clarity
and for emphasis.
BACK to reflexive
Pronouns
Reflexive Verbs: Part
II
I wash myself.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is
reflexive.
I wash the car.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: car
Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not
reflexive.
You also learned that when a verb is reflexive, the infinitive
ends in "se."
lavar
to wash (non-reflexive)
lavarse
to wash oneself (reflexive)
rascar
to scratch (non-reflexive)
rascarse
to scratch oneself (reflexive)
You should have memorized a set of pronouns called "reflexive
pronouns."
me (myself)
te (yourself)
se (himself, herself, yourself)
nos (ourselves)
os (yourselves)
se (themselves, yourselves)
You learned to conjugate reflexive verbs like this:
lavarse
yo me lavo
I wash (myself)
tú te lavas
you wash (yourself) (informal)
él/ella se lava
he/she washes (him/herself)
usted se lava
you wash (yourself) (formal)
nosotros/as nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves)
vosotros/as os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal)
ustedes se lavan
you-all wash (yourselves) (formal)
ellos/as se lavan
they wash (themselves)
In the lesson titled Direct Object Pronouns Part III you learned
that when there are two verbs, you have two options on where to
place the pronoun: before the conjugated verb or attached to the
end of the infinitive.
I want to see it. (querer, ver)
Lo quiero ver.
Quiero verlo.
Lo debemos comprar.
Debemos comprarlo.
We should buy it.
María nos debe visitar.
María debe visitarnos.
Mary should visit us.
Juan lo necesita lavar.
Juan necesita lavarlo.
John needs to wash it.
The same is true regarding reflexive pronouns. When the
sentence has two verbs, the pronoun can be placed directly
before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the
infinitive.
I want to see myself.
Me quiero ver.
Quiero verme.
John needs to wash his hair.
Juan se necesita lavar el pelo.
Juan necesita lavarse el pelo.
Maria can wash her face now.
Ahora María se puede lavar la cara.
Ahora María puede lavarse la cara.
I have just gone to bed.
Acabo de acostarme.
Me acabo de acostar.
We prefer to wash with scented soap.
Preferimos lavarnos con jabón perfumado.
Nos preferimos lavar con jabón perfumado.
Whenever a verb directly follows a preposition, it remains in the
infinitive form. For reflexive verbs, the ending -se changes to
agree with the subject. Observe the differences in the following
sentences, all of which are about counting burros before falling
asleep.
Antes de dormirme, yo cuento burros.
Antes de dormirte, tú cuentas burros.
Antes de dormirse, la chica cuenta burros.
Antes de dormirnos, nosotros contamos burros.
Antes de dormiros, vosotros contáis burros.
Antes de dormirse, los chicos cuentan burros.
In English, many verbs can be used transitively (with a direct
object) or intransitively (without a direct object).
The sun dried the clothes. (transitive)
The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive)
In Spanish, these intransitive constructions frequently employ
the reflexive form.
The sun dried the clothes. (transitive)
El sol secó la ropa.
The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive)
La ropa se secó al sol.
Sometimes, the reflexive construction is used merely to
emphasize who is performing the action of the sentence.
The cake? Maria ate it.
¿La torta? María se la comió.
For some verbs, the meaning changes when they are used
reflexively.
aburrir - to bore
aburrirse - to be bored
acordar - to agree
acordarse de - to remember
acostar - to put to bed
acostarse - to go to bed
casar - to perform a marriage ceremony
casarse con - to become married to someone
despedir - to fire
despedirse de - to say goodbye
dormir - to sleep
dormirse - to fall asleep
ir - to go
irse - to go away, to leave
morir - to die (abruptly, as of an accident, war, etc.)
morirse - to die (as from natural causes; also "to die"
figuratively)
negar - to deny
negarse a - to refuse
parecer - to seem
parecerse a - to resemble
poner - to put
ponerse - to put on
probar - to try, to taste
probarse - to try on
quitar - to take away
quitarse - to take off
A few verbs are always used reflexively.
arrepentirse (e:ie) - to repent
atreverse a - to dare
darse cuenta de - to realize
jactarse de - to boast
quejarse de - to complain about
TAREA
Realidades 2
TAREA
REFLEXIVE VERBS
LAW OF POSITION OF PRONOUNS
THE MINI- LEZIONI required in the home
journal every night
Capítulo 1B
I
Mini lezione
12 to 15 minutes
Of current lesson in
HOME JOURNALS!!!
Monday-Friday !!!
REVIEW THE VERBS IN
THE VERB PACKET!
Review and conjugate
5 FIVE VERBS each
night!
In home journal !
PLEASE STUDY and PLEASE SPEAK SPANISH!!!!!