Download SBI 3U: DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS UNIT TEST REVIEW PART

SBI 3U: DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS UNIT TEST REVIEW
PART A: TAXONOMY & PHYLOGENY
1. Create a dichotomous key using the following list of specimens: pine tree, rock, robin,
tin can, deer, Paramecium.
1.a. Living...............Go to 2
b. Non living......Go to 3
2.a. tree.................PINE TREE
b. organism........Go to 4
3.a. made of metal.....TIN CAN
b. not made of metal.......ROCK
4. a.Protist...........PARAMECIUM
b. Animal........go to 5
5.a. Bird..............ROBIN
b. Mammal......DEER
You could have used different means of classifying these organisms.....these are the criteria i chose.
As long as each one has a separate means of classification, you are doing fine.
2. What is the Linnaeus Classification System ? Briefly describe it.
(Found in ppt note & text photocopy pg. 372)
Carolus Linnaeus considered the father of modern taxonomy; founded binomial nomenclature which
is a way of grouping organisms according to their structural similarities and still used today. Using this
system, scientists throughout the world refer to the same organisms by the SAME names – its
universal. The first part of the name refers to the genus of the organism; the second refers to the
species of the organism.
Eg. – Homo sapiens (humans)
3. Within the Linnaeus Classification system:
a) Which are more similar – members of a species or members of a family? _Species__
b) Which has more members – a phylum or a class? _______Phylum___________
c) Which has the least number of members – a genus or a kingdom? __Genus _____
4. What is ‘phylogeny’?
The evolutionary history of a species. Phylogeny looks at the ancestor-descendant relationships
among organisms and phylogenies are determined on the basis of developmental, structural and
molecular traits. (Taken from your assignment “Phylogeny, Taxonomy and Natural Selection W/S”
PART B: BACTERIA & VIRUSES
1.
List 3 differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
PRO – no ‘true’ nucleus, no membrane enclosed organelles, chromosomes is one large circular
strand of DNA or RNA; more simple type of cell
EUK – is a ‘true’ membrane enclosed nucleus, has membrane enclosed organelles, are several
linear chromosomes, is more complex
2. List and describe the 4 ways to classify bacteria.
1.
Cell shape – coccus, bacillus, spirillum (Know what these shapes are AND how they can
attach)
2. Gram Stain – Positive (purple) or Negative (pink)
3. Nutrition – bacteria use either light or inorganic compounds. Are photoautotrophs,
photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs (Know a bit about each one)
4. Respiration – aerobic (need air) or anaerobic (no air needed) or facultative anaerobes
3. What are the differences between methanogens, thermophiles and halophilies?
Methanogens- bacteria that don’t need oxygen. Found in animal intestines
Halophiles – bacteria that love salt. Found in the Dead Sea.
Thermophiles – bacteria that love hot acidic spring type environments.
4. Briefly describe the different methods by which bacteria can reproduce.
1.
Binary fission – reproduce this way under favourable conditions. Copies of DNA are made
in the bacterial cell and the cell divides into 2 identical bacterial cells, every 15-20
minutes.
2. Conjugation – reproduce this way under unfavourable conditions. 2 bacterial cells form a
bridge between them using pili and 1 cell transfers a copy of its plasmid (ring of DNA) to
the other cell. This helps the bacteria to have a slightly different genetic make up.
3. Spore Formation – under extreme conditions do bacteria reproduce this way. Bacteria
form endospores where a thick wall is formed around the DNA and cytoplasm of the
bacteria cell and protects the cell for months or until the favourable condition returns.
5. Briefly describe the different methods by which viruses can reproduce.
Lytic Cycle
1.
Virus attaches to host cell wall by its tail
2. Virus tail releases an enzyme dissolving the wall which creates an opening in the cell.
3. Viral DNA takes over the host cell and destroys host cell’s DNA.
4. Viral DNA instructs cell to make copies of viral DNA and capsid. Lots of copies are made.
5. Virus produces lytic enzymes that cause the host cell to lyse (break open)
6. When host cell bursts, new viruses are released to infect other cells
Lysogenic Cycle
1.
Virus enters host cell but doesn’t take over by destroying its DNA. Instead it combines with
the host cell DNA – called lysogeny.
2. Cell reproduces many times with the newly configured (combined) DNA.
3. Virus can be copied may generations and lie dormant
4. Virus is activated by some environmental stimulus.
5. Once activated, viral DNA instructs host cell to manufacture new viruses using the LYTIC
CYCLE.
6. What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that only attacks bacteria. Phages in general are viruses that only infect bacteria.
7. List and describe the different TYPES of viruses that exist.
1.
RNA viruses – viruses have RNA not DNA; RNA never becomes a part of the host cells DNA.
RNA acts like messenger RNA and mRNA gets instructions to make viruses and bypass the host
cell DNA. Use lytic cycle for reproduction.
2. Retroviruses – viruses only have RNA; genetic info transfer is from RNA to DNA. Viral RNA is
copied to made the host viral DNA. Use lysogenic cycle for reproduction.
3. Viral Diseases – Does not reproduce using lytic or lysogenic cycle. Virus can leave host cell by
pushing through the cell membrane and this causes the virus to be covered by the host cells
membrane. The virus is now ‘disguised’ and can spread more easily through the body.
PART C: KINGDOMS
1.
Fill in the following chart:
KINGDOM
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalae
2.
CHARACTERISTICS
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Ancient bacteria
Live in harsh habitats of extreme saltiness, low oxygen, high temp or
extreme acidity
prokaryotes
found everywhere in the world
Very new to scientists; many things to discover
Prokaryotes
No clear phylogenetic pattern
Mostly single celled
Eukaryotes
Some have chloroplasts; are many diverse species
Eukaryotes
Have cell walls; not made of cellulose
Cannot perform photosynthesis
Multicellular eukaryotes
Have cells walls with celllose and have chloroplasts
Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic
No cell walls; are cell membranes
Cells usually organized into tissues, organs, systems
List at least 3 differences between organisms belonging to the Kingdom Archebacteria and the
Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Arthropoda.
Kingdom Archebacteria- unicellular organisms, made of prokaryotic cells, ability to live in
extreme conditions other organisms could not; been around much longer than organisms in
any other kingdom
Kingdom Animalia – mostly multicellular organisms, made of eukaryotic cells, can only live in
extreme conditions if adapted for them. In the organisms, cells are usually organized into
tissues, sometimes organs and systems, depending on the animal. All have a notochord
during some point in their development as well as pharangeal slits. We have studied several
different phylum within this kingdom.
Phylum Arthropoda – Are members of the Animal Kingdom – largest and most diverse. Were
the first animal group to go from living in the sea to the land/air. All have appendages of
some sort. One feature that is interesting to the phylum is molting – the shedding of the
external skeleton periodically due to the fact that it is made of inflexible chitin that does not
expand as the organism grows. Another interesting feature lies in that some species in this
phylum go through metamorphosis –a change in body form as an insect matures into an adult.
There is complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
3. Within the Kingdom Protista, what are some differences between ciliates and zooflagellates and
amoebas?
Ciliates – these animal like protists are covered with hairlike projections; have a rigid outer
covering underneath the cilia called pellicile, to help the organism to keep its shape. Ciliates
are aquatic and heterotrophic and feed through an oral groove. Paramecium are an example.
Zooflagellates – these animal like protists have one or more flagella, a ‘tail’ that helps move
the organism through water. They are heterotrophic – eat other protists, parasites and
pathogens.
4. List a disease associated with bacteria, protists and fungi.
Protists – sleeping sickness, caused by zooflagellate Trypanosom gambiensis
Fungi – athlete’s foot, caused by Trichophyton rubrum
5. List some traits belonging to the Kingdom Fungi that make it unique from any other kingdom.
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They feed off of dead OR living material and are capable of breaking down organic
material from the environment (dead plants and animals) and turning it into inorganic
material (nitrogen, carbon, etc)
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Reproduction via spores is also a feature not often found in other kingdom
6. Within the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, list some differences and similarities between
organisms in the classes chondrichthyes and amphibian.
Similarities
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Both belong to same kingdom and
phylum
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Therefore, both contain cells with cell
membranes only and all cells are
eukaryotic
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Therefore, both have a notochord
and pharangeal slits at some point
during their development, whether
its in utero or as they grow
Differences
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Amphibians – are organisms that are
aquatic and terrestrial; skin is moist
and water permeable; have different
options on how to breath but b/c
most have lungs, they breathe
through their mouth; frogs, toads are
examples
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Chondrichthyes –these are fish; are
usually spindle shaped, oval and
flattened sideways usually; breath
through gills, few have lungs; have a
special organ called a swimbladder
that prevents them from sinking;
some sharks and stingrays are
examples
7. BONUS: Define ‘biodiversity’. Write a brief paragraph relating the importance of biodiversity to
organisms belonging to all the kingdoms we have studied to date.
(Help with this can be given from your w/s titled “Phylum, Taxonomy and Natural Selection”)