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THE MIDDLE AGES TRANSITION FROM ROMAN EMPIRE • The Byzantine Empire • Eastern half of the Roman Empire (while the West slowly crumbled, the East survived • Tightly centralized rule and smaller Empire made it easier to maintain • Combined Church and State (religious leader was the Emperor) • Tensions between East and West • Constantinople (Eastern capital)- Greek, combination of Church and State, believed Father and Son were separate and unequal in power • Rome (Western capital)- Latin, separation of Church and State, Father and Son were equal and coeternal TRANSITION FROM ROMAN EMPIRE • Tensions resulted in Schism of 1054 • Religious leaders attempted to excommunicate each other • Founding of the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church • Roman Catholic Church was the main church in Western Europe during the Middle Ages • Church officials had authority over secular officials • Religious officials such as Bishops and Archbishops sat on the King’s Council • Byzantine Empire faced the threat of the growing Islamic State • Competition for land and converts in the Middle East • Drawn into the Crusades (in-between the two warring groups inevitably got them involved) FEUDALISM • Combination social structure and economic arrangement • King and Queen • Ruled over all the land except for the Church • Nobles/Lords • Paid taxes to royals for favors and positions at court • Power over local villages • Knights and Vassals • Served nobles in exchange for land • Serfs • Commoners • Did not own the land they worked on • Manor System was made up of Lords, Vassals, and Serfs • Each provided a service for the others • Largely self-sufficient RISE OF ISLAM • Muhammad- considered to be a great prophet and founder of Islam • The archangel Gabriel spoke to Muhammad who shared teaching from God/Allah • These teachings were written down and are now known as the Qur’an • 5 Pillars of Islam- 5 acts that all Muslims should do as a commitment to their faith • Testimony • Prayer • Alms-giving • Fasting • Pilgrimage • Misconceptions• • • • Females have rights according to the Qur’an The Qur’an condones slavery There is no mention of 72 virgins in the Qur’an ISIS members are not Muslim THE CRUSADES • Pope Urban II called on the Christian nations of Western Europe to fight the Muslims and take back the Holy Land • Holy Land = Jerusalem • Known as the First Crusade • Muslims vowed to take back their land which led to numerous wars • Crusades refers to a series of 9 different wars fought between the Christians and Muslims • The Byzantine Empire eventually allied itself with the Europeans • Promised to share conquered land and technology • Europeans never made good on their promises • Crusades slowly died out as Papal authority in the Church began to decline (we will see that at the end of this unit and throughout the next CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIEVAL LITERATURE • Romance • Tells of exploits of knights • Often a super natural element involved • Heroism • Beowulf • Sir Gawain and the Green Knight • Moral lesson • Loyalty to king • Chivalry • Sacrifice • Christian message • Concern with salvation • Interest in spiritual change