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CHAPTER 3 Section 4 European Kingdoms and Feudalism Germanic states emerged in the former Western Roman Empire and created a new European civilization. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) By 500 A.D., the Western Roman Empire had been replaced by Germanic kings. Clovis established the kingdom of the Franks. He was the first Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity and became an ally of the Roman Catholic Church. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) Organization of the Church − Parishes were led by priests. − A group of parishes, or diocese, was led by a bishop. − The head of the Catholic Church was the pope. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) Monks played an important role in the Church. Saint Benedict wrote a series of rules that became the model for monasticism. Monks provided schools, hospitals, and other social assistance to the people of Europe. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) In 768 Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, became the ruler of the Frankish kingdom. Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into the Carolingian Empire, which covered most of central and western Europe. In 800 Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Roman Empire by the pope. This event symbolized the joining of Roman, German, and Christian elements. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) After Charlemagne’s death in 814, Europe was invaded by foreign powers. As a result of invasions, the people of Western Europe turned to local lords for protection. This led to a social and political system known as feudalism. Vassals swore allegiance to a lord and provided military service. In turn, the vassal was given land, called a fief, and maintained political control of it. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) England − In 1066 William of Normandy defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. William was crowned king of England. − Henry II expanded the power of the king by expanding the royal courts. Common law began to replace the varying codes of the kingdom. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) − During the reign of King John, English nobles resented the growing power of the king and defeated the king’s forces at Runnymede. − King John was forced to put his seal on a document of rights called the Magna Carta, in 1215. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) − The Magna Carta outlined the rights of the people and the king, strengthening the idea that the king’s power was limited, not absolute. − Under Edward I in the thirteen century, the English Parliament was created. This representative assembly dealt with taxes, politics, and law. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) France − Following the fall of the Carolingian Empire, France was ruled by the Capetians in the Paris region. − The reign of Philip II Augustus was a turning point for the French monarchy. He added land and expanded the power and income of the French monarchy. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) The Holy Roman Empire − Otto I was a Saxon king in Germany who was crowned emperor of the Romans in 962. − The Germanic kings tried to rule both German and Italian states, which became known as the Holy Roman Empire. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) Central and Eastern Europe − The Slavic peoples were from central Europe. Gradually, they split into three groups. Western Slavs eventually formed the Polish and Bohemian kingdoms. Eastern Slavs were converted to Orthodox Christianity by Byzantine missionaries. Southern Slavs included the Croats, Serbs, and Bulgarians. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) − Eastern Slavic peoples also settled in present-day Ukraine and Russia. − Oleg and the Swedish Vikings settled in Kiev and dominated the Slavic peoples who lived in the region. European Kingdoms and Feudalism (cont.) − The Mongols conquered Russia in the thirteenth century. − In 1242, the Mongols rewarded the Russian prince Alexander Nevsky with the title of Grand Prince. Nevsky’s descendants became the rulers of Russia. Byzantine Empire and Crusades The Crusades had a significant effect on medieval society in both the East and the West. Byzantine Empire and Crusades (cont.) Despite the fall of Rome, the Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist. Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527 and sought to reestablish the Roman Empire in the entire Mediterranean. Justinian’s most important contribution was The Body of Civil Law, a codification of Roman law. Byzantine Empire and Crusades (cont.) The Eastern Roman Empire soon lost much of its territory because of overspending on foreign conquest, Islamic invasions, and defeats in the Balkans. The new, smaller empire was called the Byzantine Empire. It was both a Greek and a Christian state. The Christian church of the Byzantine Empire came to be known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. Byzantine Empire and Crusades (cont.) From the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, European Christians carried out a series of Crusades to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. Pope Urban II saw the Crusades as an opportunity to free Jerusalem and Palestine from the “infidels.” Byzantine Empire and Crusades (cont.) The First Crusade was made up of mostly French warriors, who retook Jerusalem in 1099. The Muslims began to fight back. In all, there were four crusades, but only the first one was successful. Arab World and Africa The Islamic religion arose in the Arabian Peninsula during the 600s and quickly spread throughout Southwest Asia and to parts of Africa and Europe. Extensive trade helped bring prosperity to the Arab Empire. Arab World and Africa The earliest African states, Kush and Axum, thrived on farming and trade, while the later kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in western Africa carried out the trade of gold and salt. The Bantu spread ironworking through eastern and southern Africa. Europe and the Byzantine Empire A new European civilization emerged in the Middle Ages. By recognizing the rights of nobles, the Magna Carta limited the power of the English monarchs. The Byzantine Empire created its own unique civilization in the eastern Mediterranean. The Asian World The Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties brought peace and prosperity to China, but in 1279 the Mongols conquered the Song dynasty and made China part of their vast empire. State power was centralized in Japan in a new system called the shogunate. Chinese and Indian examples of government and religion influenced new states in Southeast Asia. Byzantine Empire and Crusades (cont.) Effects of the Crusades − Increased wealth for the Italian port cities − Feudalism was weakened and kings created stronger central governments. − Development of strong nation-states in Spain, England, and France