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The Periodic Table How the periodic table is put together What is the Periodic Table? It is an organizational system for elements. What do all the numbers mean? Who created it? By 1860 about 60 elements were known and a method was needed for organization. In 1869, Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev proposed arranging elements by atomic weights and properties. The table contained gaps but Mendeleev predicted the discovery of new elements. So how is it arranged? The periodic table is organized in a grid. The elements are placed in specific places because of the way they look and act. There are rows (left to right) and columns (up and down) , and they each mean something different. You've got Your Periods... Each row is considered to be a different period (Get it? Like PERIODic table.) Even though they skip some squares in between, all of the rows go left to right. Periods = Rows In the periodic table, elements have something in common if they are in the same row. All of the elements in a period have the same number of atomic shells/orbitals. Every element in the top row (the first period) has one shell for its electrons. All of the elements in the second row (the second period) have two shells for their electrons. It goes down the periodic table like that. As you move down through the periods an extra electron shell is added: E.g. Lithium has 3 electrons in the H configuration 2,1 He Li Be B C N O F Na M g Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sodium has 11 C Fe Ni Zn electrons in the u configuration 2,8,1 Ag Pt Potassium has 19 electrons in the configuration 2 8 8 __ 1 __,__,__, A u H g Ne Br Kr I Xe And you got your groups… The periodic table has a special name for its columns too. When a column goes from top to bottom, it's called a group. Groups = Columns The elements in a group have the same number of Valence electrons. Every element in the first column (group 1) has one valence electron in its outer shell. Every element on the second column (group two) has two valence electrons in the outer shell. There are some exceptions to the order when you look at the transition elements Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell (this correspond to their group number) H He Li Be B C N O F Na M g Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Fe Ni C u Zn Ag All group 1 metals have __ electron in their outer shell Pt A u Br Kr I H g These elements have __ electrons in their outer shells Ne Xe These elements have __ electrons in their outer shell Some Symbols don’t match their name: • • • • • • Sodium – Na Potassium - K Iron - Fe Copper - Cu Silver - Ag Tin - Sn • • • • • Antimony – Sb Tungsten – W Gold - Au Mercury - Hg Lead - Pb QUIZ ON TUESDAY 9/15 Other than periods and groups, the table is divided into families. Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table. Elements in each family react differently with other elements. ALKALI METALS •HIGHLY reactive due to having 1 valence electron Hydrogen is not a member, it is a non-metal •Metals- Solid @ Room temp •malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity. •can explode if they are exposed to water COLOR BLUE ALKLINE EARTH METALS •Metals- Solid @Room Temp •2 valence electrons •White, silvery, and malleable •Reactive, but LESS than Alkali metals COLOR RED TRANSITION METALS COLOR YELLOW Metals Almost all are solids at room temp (except Hg) Good conductors of heat and electricity. 1 or 2 Valence Electrons Less Reactive than Alkali and Alkaline Earth RARE EARTH ELEMENTS •many are man-made •Some are Radioactive COLOR GREY OTHER METALS •are ductile and malleable •are solid, have a high density COLOR LIGHT BLUE METALLOIDS •have properties of both metals and nonmetals •Some of the metalloids are semiconductors. • This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. • This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators COLOR PURPLE NON-METALS Hydrogen is included!!! •Not able to conduct electricity or heat very well •Very Brittle COLOR GREEN HALOGENS 7 electrons in the outer shell Non-metals Very reactive - are often bonded with Group 1 Alkali Metals Has 2 gases, 1 liquid (Br), and 2 solids COLOR PINK NOBLE GASES Group 8 Exist as gases Non-metals 8 electrons in the outer shell = Full Helium (He) has only 2 electrons in the outer shell = Full Not reactive with other elements COLOR ORANGE