Download P1 d) evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian

Ancient Greece (SOL WH 1.5 a, b, c, d, e, f) Notes/Study Guide – Chapter 5
WH 1.4 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on
Western civilization by:
P1 a) assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political
development, including the impact of Greek commerce and colonies.
P1 The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political
development of Greek civilization.
P1 The expansion of Greek civilization, through trade and colonization, led to the spread of Hellenic
(Greek) culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas.
P2 Location and place
 Mainland Greece lies on the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. This
peninsula is at the northeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. The Aegean Sea to
the east separates Greece from Asia Minor. To the west, the Ionian Sea divides
Greece from the Italian Peninsula. Many of the islands in these seas are a part of
Greece.
 Greek colonies were founded along the coast of Asia Minor including the Black Sea
coast. The Greek colonists traveled through the Dardanelle’s straits (Hellespont) to
the coastline of the Black Sea.
 The island of Crete, south of the Greek peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea, is a part
of Greece.
 Greek colonies were established along the coastline on Mediterranean Sea.
 Athens – important city-state on the eastern Greek peninsula. Athena was its patron
Goddess (deity)
 Sparta - important city-state in the western part of the Peloponnesus. Ares the God of
war was its patron God (deity)
 Troy – city-state made famous by Homer’s stories located on the western coast of Asia
Minor
 Macedonia – country north of Greece that had Greek culture.
P2 Economic and social development (How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas,
and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek economic, social, and political development and
patterns of trade and colonization?)
 Agriculture – the Greek Peninsula and islands had limited arable land that was not
great for producing a lot of crops for food.
 Greeks established colonies to help feed the Greek people. These colonies become
Greek city-states in the Mediterranean and Black Seas areas.
 Commerce (trade) was necessary for the Greek city-states.
 Greek commerce shifts from a barter to a money economy (coins)
P2 Political development
o Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city-states. It isolated or
hindered the city-states from contact with each other. The mountains were enough of an
obstacle for the Greeks to develop their culture. However, they didn’t stop all invaders.
o Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life – polis, acropolis, and
agora.
o Colonization related to overpopulation and the search for arable land (the reason for
colonization was because of overpopulation and searching for good land to grow crops).
P1 b) describing Greek mythology and religion.
(How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human
condition?)
P1 Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral (important) to the culture,
politics, and art in ancient Greece.
P1 Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from
ancient Greek mythology.
P2 Greek mythology (What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the
contemporary world?)
o Based on polytheistic religion
o Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events.
o “Seven Wonders of the Ancient World” related to mythology, religion, and trade.
o Symbols and images in Western literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics.
o Considered active participants in human affairs.
P3 Greek gods and goddesses
o Zeus – king of the gods, the son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea
o Hera - queen of the gods and the sister and wife of the god Zeus. She was the goddess of
marriage and the protector of married women.
o Apollo – god of light, music, and poetry. The sun. Son of Zeus.
o Artemis - She was the daughter of the god Zeus and Leto and the twin sister of the god
Apollo. She was chief hunter to the gods and goddess of hunting and of wild animals,
especially bears. Artemis was also the goddess of childbirth, of nature, and of the harvest.
Sometimes identified as the moon goddess. The Roman goddess Diana. Although
traditionally the friend and protector of youth, especially young women, Artemis
prevented the Greeks from sailing to Troy during the Trojan War until they sacrificed a
maiden to her.
o Athena – goddess of womanly goodness and the protector of wisdom. Daughter of Zeus.
o Aphrodite - the goddess of love and beauty. The Roman goddess Venus. She is the
daughter of Zeus and Dione. According to Homer, Aphrodite is the wife of Hephaestus,
the lame and ugly god of fire. Her lovers include Ares, god of war and the beautiful Greek
youth Adonis.
o
Each city-state had a special guardian/patron (God or Goddess)
o
Poseidon – god of the sea
P1 c) identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the significance of
citizenship and the development of democracy, and comparing the city-state of Athens
and Sparta.
P1 Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen,
although not everyone could participate in decision-making. It became a foundation of modern
democracies.
P1 Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and
Sparta (oligarchy).
P2 Social structure and citizenship in the Greek polis
o Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in
government.
o Free People - women and foreigners had no political rights.
o Slaves had no political rights. Slaves were people without freedom or political rights.
P2 Athens (How did democracy develop in Athens?)
o Stages in evolution of Athenian government: Monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny,
democracy
o Tyrants who worked for reform:
Draco (an archon who created Athens’s first written laws around 621 BC,
Solon – an archon in 594 BC who cancelled the poor peoples’ debts and ended debt
slavery.
Cleisthenes: began the 1st true democracy-a DIRECT democracy.
o Origin of democratic principles: direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen
Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever
seen, although not everyone could participate in the decision-making. It became a
foundation of modern democracy.
P2 Sparta (How did Sparta differ from Athens?)+o Oligarchy (rule by a small group)
o Rigid social structure
o Militaristic and aggressive society
o
P2 Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democratic)
and Sparta (dictatorial)
P1 d) evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
P1 The Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence.
P1 Competition between Sparta and Athens for control of Greece helped cause the Peloponnesian
War.
P2 Importance of Persian Wars (499-440 B.C.)
(Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?)
o Persian Empire: Conquest of Greek poleis (city-states) of Asia Minor
o Athens: assisted Greek poleis in Asia Minor in a revolt against the Persian Empire
o Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire.
o Greek victories (under Athenian leadership) over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis
left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea.
o The Athenians prevailed against the Persian Empire, preserving the opportunity for the
“seeds of democracy to grow.” There would have been no Golden Age of Athens had they
not prevailed.
o Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture.
P2 Importance of Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)
(Why was the Peloponnesian War important to the spread of Greek culture?)
o Caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world – Athens and the Delian
League vs. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League
o Resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power.
o The wars between Athens and Sparta paved the way for the conquest of Greece by Philip
of Macedonia (father of Alexander the Great).
P1 f) citing contributions in drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science,
mathematics, and philosophy, with emphasis on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
(What were some important contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization?)
P1 Athenian culture, during the Classical Era, became one of the foundation stones (one of the most
important influences) of Western civilization.
P2 Contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization
o Poetry: Homer (Iliad and Odyssey)
Ancient Greece (SOL WH 1.5 a, b, c, d, e, f) Notes/Study Guide –Chapter 5
WH 1.4 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on
Western civilization by:
a) assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political
development, including the impact of Greek commerce and colonies.
P1 The physical geography of the A_________________ Basin shaped the economic, social, and
political development of Greek civilization.
P1 The expansion of Greek civilization, through t____________ and c_____________________, led to
the spread of Hellenic (Greek) culture across the M_____________________ and B__________ seas.
P2 Location and place

Mainland Greece lies on the southern part of the B___________ Peninsula of E______.
This peninsula is at the northeastern end of the M________________________ Sea.
The A___________ Sea to the east separates Greece from A__________ Minor.
To the west, the Ionian Sea divides Greece from the Italian Peninsula. Most of the
I_____________ in these seas are a part of Greece.

Greek colonies were founded along the coast of Asia __________ including the Black
Sea coast. The Greek colonists traveled through the D_________________
straits (H_________________) to the coastline of the B________________ Sea.



The island of C___________, south of the Greek peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea,
is a part of Greece.
Greek colonies were established along the coastline on Mediterranean Sea.
A__________– important city-state on the eastern Greek peninsula. A__________
was its patron Goddess (deity)

S___________ - important city-state in the western part of the Peloponnesus.
A_______ the God of war was its patron God (deity)

T__________ – city-state made famous by Homer’s stories located on the western
coast of Asia Minor.

M_________________ – country north of Greece that had Greek culture.
P2 Economic and social development (How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas,
and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek economic, social, and political development and
patterns of trade and colonization?)

Agriculture – the Greek Peninsula had limited arable l____________ that was not great
for producing a lot of crops for food.

Greeks established c________________ to help feed the Greek people. These colonies
become Greek city-states in the M________________________ and B_____________
Seas areas.

C__________________ (trade) was necessary for the Greek city-states.

Greek commerce shifts the Greeks from barter to m_______________ economy (coins)
P2 Political development
o
M___________________________ terrain helped and hindered the development of
city-states. It isolated or h_____________ the city-states from contact with each other.
The mountains were enough of an o______________ for the Greeks to develop their
culture. However, they didn’t stop all invaders.
o
Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life – p_________,
a______________, and a___________.
C____________________ related to overpopulation and the search for arable land (the
reason for colonization was because of overpopulation and searching for good land to grow
crops).
b) describing Greek mythology and religion.
(How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human
condition?)
o
P1 Greek mythology was based on a p______________________ religion that was integral
(important) to the culture, politics, and art in ancient Greece.
P1 Many of W___________________ civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images
come from ancient Greek mythology.
P2 Greek mythology (What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the
contemporary world?)
o
Based on p____________________ religion
o
Explanations of _________________ phenomena (events such as the sun rising), human
qualities, and _____________ events (ex. death, defeat or victory in battle).
o
“Seven Wonders of the Ancient World” related to m________________, religion, and trade.
Symbols and images in W_____________ literature, art, monumental architecture, and
politics.
o Considered active participants in ________________ affairs.
P2 Greek gods and goddesses
o
o
Z_________ – king of the gods, the son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea
o
H_______ - queen of the gods and the sister and wife of the god Zeus. She was the
goddess of marriage and the protector of married women.
o
A_________ – god of light, music, and poetry. The sun. Son of Zeus.
o
A______________ - she was the daughter of the god Zeus and Leto. The twin sister of the
god Apollo. She was chief hunter to the gods and goddess of hunting and of wild animals.
She was also the goddess of childbirth, of nature, and of the harvest. Sometimes identified
as the moon goddess. The Roman goddess Diana. Although traditionally the friend and
protector of youth, especially young women, A_____________ prevented the Greeks from
sailing to Troy during the Trojan War until they sacrificed a maiden to her.
o
A___________ – goddess of womanly goodness and the protector of wisdom. Daughter of
Zeus.
o
A____________ - the goddess of love and beauty. The Roman goddess Venus. She is the
daughter of Zeus and Dione. According to Homer, A_________________ is the wife of
Hephaestus, the lame and ugly god of fire. Her lovers include Ares, god of war and the
beautiful Greek youth Adonis.
o
o
________________ – god of the sea
Each ______________________________ had a special guardian/patron (God or Goddess)
c) identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the significance of
citizenship and the development of democracy, and comparing the city-state of Athens
and Sparta.
P1 Classical A_____________ developed the most d___________________ system of government the
world had ever seen, although not everyone could participate in decision-making. It became a
foundation of modern democracies.
P1 Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of A__________ (democracy)
and S____________ (oligarchy).
P2 Social structure and citizenship in the Greek polis
o
C______________ (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civic
participation in government.
o
F_________ People - women and foreigners had no political rights.
o
S______________ had no political rights. People without freedom or political rights.
P2 Athens (How did democracy develop in Athens?)
o Stages in evolution of Athenian government:
o

M________________

A_________________

T_________________

D_________________
Tyrants who worked for reform:
D__________ - an archon who created Athens’s first written laws around 621 BC.
S____________ – an archon in 594 BC who cancelled the poor peoples’ debts and ended
debt slavery.
C_____________ - began the 1st true democracy-a DIRECT democracy.
o
Origin of democratic principles: direct d_________________, public d____________,
duties of the c___________________.
o
Classical A_____________ developed the most democratic system of government the world
had ever seen, although not everyone could participate in the decision-making. It became
a foundation of modern d____________________.
P2 Sparta (How did Sparta differ from Athens?)
o
O________________ (rule by a small group)
o
Rigid s___________ structure
o
M___________________ and aggressive society
P2 Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek c__________________ of Athens
(democratic) and Sparta (dictatorial)
d) evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
P1 The Greeks defeated the P_____________ empire and preserved their political independence.
P1 Competition between S_____________ and A____________ for control of Greece helped cause
the P_______________________________ War.
P2 Importance of Persian Wars (499-440 B.C.)
(Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?)
o
Persian Empire: Conquest of Greek poleis (city-states) of A_________ M____________.
o
Athens: assisted Greek poleis in Asia Minor in a revolt against the P____________ Empire.
o
Persian wars u____________ Athens, Sparta and other Greek city-states against the
Persian Empire.
Greek victories (under A___________ leadership) over the Persians at M_______________
o
and S_____________ left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea.
o
The Athenians (Greeks) prevailed against the Persian Empire, preserving the opportunity
for the “seeds of d__________________ to grow.” There would have been no Golden Age
of Athens had they not prevailed.
o
Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in g_____________ and
culture.
P2 Importance of Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)
(Why was the Peloponnesian War important to the spread of Greek culture?)
o
Caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world – Athens and the
D______________ League vs. S________________ and the Peloponnesian League
o
Resulted in the slowing of c______________ advance and the weakening of political
power.
o
The wars between Athens and Sparta paved the way for the conquest of Greece by
P_________ of Macedonia (father of Alexander the Great).
P1 f) citing contributions in drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science,
mathematics, and philosophy, with emphasis on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
(What were some important contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization?)
P1 Athenian culture, during the C__________________ Era, became one of the foundation stones
(one
of the most important influences) of W_____________________ civilization.
P2 Contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization
o
Poetry: H_____________ (Iliad and O_________________)