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Download Adverbs What is an Adverb? Adverb Form
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Adverbs Adverbs are an important part of speech. They usually answer questions such as how?, where?, when?, how often? and how much? What is an Adverb? An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. It "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ran quickly). In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the verb that it modifies is in italics. John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?) Afterwards she smoked a cigarette. (When did she smoke?) Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?) But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs (It works very well). Look at these examples: Modify an adjective: - He is really handsome. (How handsome is he?) - That was extremely kind of you. Modify another adverb: - She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive?) - He drives extremely fast. Note that adverbs have other functions, too. They can: Modify a whole sentence: Obviously, I can't know everything. Modify a prepositional phrase: It's immediately inside the door. Adverb Form We make many adverbs by adding -ly to an adjective, for example: quick (adjective) > quickly (adverb) careful (adjective) > carefully (adverb) beautiful (adjective) > beautifully (adverb) There are some basic rules about spelling for -ly adverbs. See the table below: Adjective ending do this adjective adverb most adjectives add -ly quick nice sole careful quickly nicely solely carefully -able or -ible change -e to -y regrettable regrettably horrible horribly -y change -y to -ily happy happily -ic change -ic to -ically economic economically But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. The words friendly, lovely, lonely and neighbourly, for example, are all adjectives. And some adverbs have no particular form. Look at these examples: well, fast, very, never, always, often, still Kinds of Adverbs Here you can see the basic kinds of adverbs. Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of Manner tell us the manner or way in which something happens. They answer the question "how?". Adverbs of Manner mainly modify verbs. He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?) They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?) James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond drive his cars?) We normally use Adverbs of Manner with dynamic (action) verbs, not with stative or state verbs. He ran fast. She came quickly. They worked happily. She looked beautifully. It seems strangely. They are happily. Adverbs of Place Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something happens. They answer the question "where?". Adverbs of Place mainly modify verbs. Please sit here. (Where should I sit?) They looked everywhere. (Where did they look?) Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked?) Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time that something happens. Adverbs of Time mainly modify verbs. They can answer the question "when?": He came yesterday. (When did he come?) I want it now. (When do I want it?) Or they can answer the question "how often?": They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?) We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie?) Adverbs of Degree Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer the question "how much?" or "to what degree?". Adverbs of Degree can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?) Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful is Mary?) He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously? How dangerously did he drive?) Adverb Position When an adverb modifies a verb, there are usually 3 possible positions within the sentence or clause: 1. FRONT - before subject Now 2. MID - between subject + verb 3. END - after verb/object I I read books often I will read a book. read books. carefully. When an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb, it usually goes in front of the word that it modifies, for example: She gave him a We adverb adjective really dirty adverb adverb quite often look. study English. The position of an adverb often depends on the kind of adverb (manner, place, time, degree). The following table gives you some guidelines for placement based on the kind of adverb. Warning: these are guidelines only, and not complete. There are many exceptions. mainly modifies kind of adverb sentence usual position adverb manner verbs She stroked his hair place verbs He was working definite time He finished the job gently. END here. END yesterday. END verbs frequency We I verbs, adjectives and adverbs degree It was He works often go to Paris. MID nearly died. MID terribly funny. before adjective really fast. before adverb Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of Frequency are Adverbs of Time that answer the question "How frequently?" or "How often?". They tell us how often something happens. Here are some examples: a. daily, weekly, yearly b. often, sometimes, rarely You probably see a difference between a) and b) above. With words like daily we know exactly how often. The words in a) describe definite frequency. On the other hand, words like often give us an idea about frequency but they don't tell us exactly. The words in b) describe indefinite frequency. We separate them into two groups because they normally go in different positions in the sentence. Adverbs of definite frequency Examples: hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly every second, once a minute, twice a year once, twice, once or twice, three times Adverbs of definite frequency, like all adverbs of definite time, typically go in END position. Look at these examples: Most companies pay taxes yearly. The manager checks the toilets every hour. The directors meet weekly to review progress. Sometimes, usually for reasons of emphasis or style, some adverbs of definite frequency may go at the FRONT, for example: Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads. Adverbs of indefinite frequency Examples: never, seldom, sometimes, often, always 100% always, constantly usually, normally frequently, regularly Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID position in the sentence. They go before the main verb (except the main verb "to be"): 50% sometimes occasionally We usually go shopping on Saturday. I have often done that. She is always late. Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usually can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence: often rarely, infrequently seldom hardly ever 0% never Sometimes they come and stay with us. I play tennis occasionally. Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"): We see them rarely. John eats meat very seldom. Adverbs of Manner List Alphabetical list of common single-word manner adverbs Adverbs of manner form the largest group of adverbs. We make most of them simply by adding -ly to their corresponding adjective. This is an alphabetical list of 130 common single-word adverbs of manner. Adverbs of manner that do not end in -ly are shown in bold. accidentally angrily anxiously awkwardly badly beautifully blindly boldly bravely brightly busily calmly carefully carelessly cautiously cheerfully clearly closely correctly courageously cruelly daringly deliberately doubtfully eagerly easily elegantly enormously enthusiastically equally eventually exactly faithfully fast fatally fiercely fondly foolishly fortunately frankly frantically generously gently gladly gracefully greedily happily hard hastily healthily honestly hungrily hurriedly inadequately ingeniously innocently inquisitively irritably joyously justly kindly lazily loosely loudly madly mortally mysteriously neatly nervously noisily obediently openly painfully patiently perfectly politely poorly powerfully promptly punctually quickly quietly rapidly rarely really recklessly regularly reluctantly repeatedly rightfully roughly rudely sadly safely selfishly sensibly seriously sharply shyly silently sleepily slowly smoothly so softly solemnly speedily stealthily sternly straight stupidly successfully suddenly suspiciously swiftly tenderly tensely thoughtfully tightly truthfully unexpectedly victoriously violently vivaciously warmly weakly wearily well wildly wisely Adverbs of Place List Alphabetical list of common single-word place adverbs about above abroad anywhere away back backwards (also backward) behind below down downstairs east (etc) elsewhere far here in indoors inside near nearby off on out outside over there towards under up upstairs where Common suffixes -wards or -ward (backwards, downwards, eastward, forwards, homewards, upwards) -where (anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere) Note that some adverbs can also be prepositions. She was waiting with a red scarf on. (adverb) She put the red scarf on the table. (preposition) Adverbs of Time List List of common single-word time adverbs points of time (definite): now then today tomorrow tonight yesterday hourly monthly nightly quarterly weekly yearly frequency (definite): annually daily fortnightly The word "bimonthly" is ambiguous and best avoided. Bimonthly can mean "twice a month" or "every two months". The same is true of "biyearly"/"biannually". frequency (indefinite): always constantly ever frequently generally infrequently never normally occasionally often rarely regularly seldom sometimes regularly usually relationships in time (indefinite): already before early earlier eventually finally first formerly just last late later lately next previously recently since soon still yet Adverbs of Degree List Alphabetical list of common single-word degree adverbs almost absolutely awfully* badly* barely completely decidedly deeply enough enormously entirely *informal extremely fairly far fully greatly hardly highly how incredibly indeed intensely just least less little lots most much nearly perfectly positively practically pretty* purely quite rather really scarcely simply so somewhat strongly terribly* thoroughly too totally utterly very virtually well