Download Animal tissues and Organ systems

ANIMAL TISSUES AND
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Chapter 28
How are animal bodies organized?
Vertebrate: an animal of a large group
distinguished by the possession of a
_____________ or _______________, including
mammals, birds, ___________, amphibians, and
fishes
The plural of fish is usually fish, but fishes has a few uses. In biology, for instance,
fishes is used to refer to multiple species of fish.
Levels of organization
A Cell
(muscle
cells)
B _________
(cardiac muscle)
C ______
(heart)
D _______________
(circulatory system)
E Organism
(human)
Terminology:


Organ: 2/more tissues, ______________________
Organ system: 2/more ___________ and other
components perform a ______________
Levels of organization


Cells are organized into __________.
4 types of tissue:
 Epithelial
tissue: _______________________________
____________________________________
 Connective tissue: _____________________________
_____________________________________
 Muscle tissue: _________________________________
 Nervous tissue: _______________________________
_________________________________
An internal environment

An animal body consists mainly of ______ with
dissolved salts, proteins, and other solutes.
 Most
of this fluid resides inside cells
(_______________________________: ICF)
 The rest is __________________(ECF): internal
environment in which body cells live
 In
vertebrates, extracellular fluid consists mainly of


interstitial fluid (IF), __________________________
Plasma, ______________________________
What factors constrain animal body
plans?
Size: nutrients need to reach every cell –
_________________________
Habitat (water/land) –
_______________________________
Body framework –
________________________________
What is epithelial tissue
General characteristics

Epithelial tissue: sheet like tissue consisting of tightly
packed cells
 One
surface of an epithelium faces the environment or
some body fluid
 The opposite surface is glued to an underlying tissue by
a ___________________________
 _______________________________________________
 Tight
junctions join plasma membranes of adjacent cells
__________________________________________
Types of epithelial tissue
Types of epithelial tissue

Different types of epithelia differ in thickness and cell
shapes
A
simple epithelium is one cell thick, whereas stratified
epithelium has multiple cell layers
 Cells in squamous epithelium are ___________or scale like
 Cells of cuboidal epithelium are ___________________
 Cells in columnar epithelium are _____________

Cells of cuboidal and columnar epithelium function in
_____________and ________________
 Microvilli:
thin projections from the plasma membrane of
some epithelial cells; _____________________________
What are connective tissues?
General characteristics

Connective tissues: consist of cells scattered within
an extracellular matrix of their own secretions
 Unspecialized
connective tissue: __________________
 Specialized connective tissue: ____________________
____________________________________________
Types of connective tissue
What are muscle tissues?
Cells that contract (shorten) in response to
stimulation
Skeletal muscle

________________________________________
Cardiac muscle

Signals make all cells in cardiac muscle contract
_____________________________
Smooth muscle




Contracts more slowly,
________________________
Propels material through _________
Alters blood vessel ________________
Adjust amount of
light entering the
________
What are nervous tissues?
Nervous tissue



Allows an animal to collect and integrate
information about its internal and external
environment
Controls the activity of glands and muscles
Main tissue of the vertebrate brain and spinal cord,
and of the nerves that extend through the body
signalreceiving
extensions
Neurons
cell body
of neuron

Cells that transmit electrical
signals along their plasma
membrane and send
chemical messages to other
cells
 Central cell body:
____________________
____________________
 Cytoplasmic extensions
project from the cell
body; ______________
____________________
____________________
____________________
signal-sending
extension
neuroglial cell
wrapped around
a signal-sending
cytoplasmic
extension of
the neuron
Where are vertebrate organs and
how do they interact?
Organs and organ systems
Organs and organ systems
Organs and organ systems
Organs and organ systems

Cavity: ________________
______________________
_____________________
How does skin structure affects its
function?
_________________________________
Barrier between _______& _______environment
Sensory receptors in skin informs brain of
________________________
Functions in ____________control
Site of _____________ production
Helps prevent _________________
Components of human skin
Components of human skin

Epidermis:
 stratified
squamous epithelium with an abundance of
adhering junctions
 Human
epidermis consists mainly of keratinocytes that make
the ________________protein ____________
 Skin
grows ____________________________
 Outermost layer is dead cells that help
______________________________________
 Deepest layer contains melanocytes: makes melanin
which ____________________________
 Two
types: brown – ___________& red to ____________
Components of human skin

Dermis:
 Consists
primarily of dense connective tissue with
stretch-resistant elastin fibers and supportive collagen
fibers
 Blood
vessels, lymph vessels, and sensory receptors weave
through the dermis
 Thicker than epidermis

Hypodermis:
 ___________________and
___________________tissue
Sun and the skin





Melanin protects the skin against ___________
____________make more brown-black melanin
when exposed to sun (“tan”)
Some UV exposure is a good thing; it stimulates skin
to produce a molecule that the body converts to
___________________
Dark skin provides more ____________________
Melanoma (skin cancer): _____________________
_________________________________________
Cultured skin products

Skin is the only organ that is grown artificially for
widespread medical uses
 Cells
from infant foreskins are grown in culture to
produce thin sheets of cells that can be used to cover
_________, _____________, or ______________
 Cultured skin does not include __________,
________________, __________________etc.
How do organ systems interact in
homeostasis?
Homeostasis


_________________________________________
_________________________________________
In vertebrates, homeostasis involves interactions
among sensory receptors, the brain, and muscles
and glands
 Sensory
receptor: responds to a specific ____________
(e.g., temperature or light)
 Negative feedback mechanism: change causes a
response that _______________________