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Understanding and Influencing
Energy Practices
Yacob Mulugetta
Centre for Environmental Strategy
University of Surrey
Themes
• Understanding energy practices
– Energy basics
– UK energy situation
• Influencing energy practices
– Policy terrain
– Consumer terrain
– Research
• Issues for the future
What is energy?
• The capacity to do work – The more work done on a simple object, the more energy it
has, meaning that it has seen an increase in its capacity to
do work
• Work = Force x Displacement (Distance)
– Energy comes in many forms, kinetic (something is moving),
potential (stored), heat (motion of molecules). Energy is
always conserved. It is not created or destroyed but is just
converted from one form to another
• Energy delivered for a period of time = Power….
– Power = Energy/Time (kWh).. Energy = Power * Time (kW)
• The First Law of thermodynamics says that Energy can
be neither created or destroyed, but can only be
changed from one form to another
• The first energy law (the law of conservation of energy) deals
with energy transformations
• The total mass of material inputs to a transformation process
is equal to total mass of material inputs
• Governs the total quantity of each atomic element during
material transformations
– total amount of carbon released during combustion of fossil
fuel must equal total amount of carbon in the fuel
• provides a useful mass & energy balance principles in material
throughput associated with an economic activity
– But does not provide the full picture of the way economic
activities may impact on the environment
• Talks about quantity but not availability of energy to do useful
work
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that
there is no such thing as a perfectly efficient energy
transformation.
• The second law of energy tells us that we can't even break
even.
• The second law means that there is always unavoidable
loss in energy any time we transform it from one type to
another
• Like the law of diminishing returns - energy becoming less
and less available as it passes through successive
transformations
• The efficiency to convert heat energy to electricity (3540%)
• 60-65% ‘gone missing’ - ‘low grade’ heat - may be used
for other purposes
EJ/year
World Energy 1850-2000
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Gas
Oil
Coal
Nuclear
Hydro +
Biomass
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Year
World energy demand by fuel
Source: IEA; WEO
World energy demand by country
Source: IEA; WEO
Mt C
g C / C(2000)
1000
200
CARBON EMISSIONS
800
160
KYOTO TARGET
CARBON INTENSITY
600
120
400
80
EU - 15 ENERGY SECTOR CARBON EMISSIONS
200
40
HISTORIC DATA (2002)
EU BASELINE SCENARIO
0
1970
0
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
YEAR
ICE Bath
UK ENERGY CONSUMTION BY FUEL
TOTAL 1838TWh
ELECTRICITY 17.8%
C0AL 3%
OIL 42%
GAS 33.3%
RENEWABLE HEAT 1.8%
UK ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR
TOTAL1838TWh
SERVICES 12.6%
DOMESTIC 30.2%
INDUSTRY 22.5%
TRANSPORT 34.7%
UK Electricity Generation
Renewables
5%
Gas
39%
Coal
35%
Nuclear
21%
(Energy Review, 2006)
UK Energy situation: Past & Present
• The latter quarter of the twentieth century saw the UK
benefit from the production of North Sea oil and gas
reserves.
• By 2000, the UK had grown to be the fourth largest
producer of natural gas in the World and exported
substantial quantities of oil. Also by 2000, North Sea oil
and gas production had peaked, while the demand
continued to rise. By 2005, the UK had begun to import
gas. It is expected that by 2010 the UK will be importing
oil, and by 2020 will be largely dependent on imported
gas
UK IMMEDIATE FUTURE
• The UK is about to increase its dependence on
imported sources of energy at a time of rising prices
and in an increasingly competitive international
market.
• Nuclear plant decommissioning
• Within 10 years, loss of 10% generating capacity
• Within 20 years, lose 75%
PROJECTED POWER CAPACITY
80
70
60
GW
50
Renewables
Other
CCGT
Coal/Oil
Nuclear
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2005
2010
YEAR
Source: DTI
2015
2020
UK natural gas resources
UK projected electricity fuel mix
Defra (2006) Climate Change Programme
UK greenhouse gas emissions
UK Policy Terrain
• 2000 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
– Recommends 60% carbon reduction by 2050
• 2002 Cabinet Office Energy Review
• 2003 Energy White Paper “Creating a Low Carbon Economy”
– Adopts 60% target, energy security, fuel poverty & competitive markets
• 2004 Renewables Innovation Review
• 2005-06
–
–
–
–
Climate Change Policy Review
Energy Efficiency Innovation Review
Energy Review
Stern Review on the economics of climate change
• 2007 Energy White Paper
– Save energy
– Develop cleaner supplies
– Secure reliable energy supplies at prices set in competitive markets
Fuel poverty progress
(No. of households paying 10% of income on basic energy services)
Consumer terrain: Problems
•
•
•
•
Institutional structures, infrastructure (public transport)
Social expectations, habits and routines
Economic incentives: alternatives more expensive
Behaviours and practices that underpin both direct and
indirect energy consumption patterns depend on a
complex interaction of continually evolving personal
values, social norms and cultural narratives
• “I will, if you will”
Defra (2006) Climate Change Programme
Consumer terrain: Policy ‘crisis’
• Consumption behaviours and practices have taken
centre stage in public policy discussions like never
before
• Traditional energy policy instruments of informing energy
end-users and the use of price incentives have only met
with limited success to achieve the level of behavioural
change needed to make progress in moving towards a
low carbon future
• Policies need to be supported by new forms of
governance that encourage participation and
‘collectivise’ individual action
V1 Energy Mapping
Development and testing of
robust, pragmatic energy and
carbon mapping framework
based on input-output, LCA and
structural time series modelling.
Exploration of underlying
(direct and indirect) energy
demand trends by functional
headings and lifestyle ‘clusters’.
Decomposition of structural,
technical, and sociodemographic trends.
Extension to social and sociostructural variables using Social
Accounting Matrices.
V2 Social and Env Psych
Social and environmental
psychological influences on
energy behaviours and
understandings of resistance to
change.
Exploration of normative and
affective motivations in energy
behaviours and practices.
Elaboration and testing of a
‘threatened identity’ model of
resistance to change.
The role of social norms and the
communal management of
social and environmental
resources.
V3 Socio-Cultural
Exploration of robust socio-cultural
foundation for concept of
‘sustainable energy lifestyle’,
drawing on:
• the social and cultural construction of
identity and lifestyle narratives;
• gendered, socio-demographic and
subcultural perspectives on lifestyle
and meaning;
• the social distribution of lifestyle
'choice';
• social shaping of consumer-producer
dialectics.
Elaboration and testing of a
‘threatened meanings’ model of
resistance to change.
H1 Energy lifestyle scenarios: elaboration and testing of lifestyle scenarios, using energy mapping and
informed by socio-psychological and cultural understandings of lifestyle change: a longitudinal empirical
case study.
H2 Governance and policy implications: Exploration of policy options to encourage behavioural change
and sustainable energy lifestyles; elaboration of governance implications: case study of policy support for
community change.
Research & Development
• In the field of energy, it is a widely held view that
spending on RD&D is an important precursor to
the technological advances
• Energy-related R&D has been declining over the
past 25 years across the OECD
• This tend need reversing
Research & Development
"Investment in new renewable energy sources
leads to roughly 10 times more jobs than a
comparable investment in the fossil-fuel sector.
This difference underscores the economic
benefits of moving our economy and society
from one of energy 'hunter gatherers' to one of
'energy farmers' and innovators."
Professor Daniel Kammen, Berkeley
UK energy RD&D (public) spend
1400
1200
1000
£m
800
600
400
200
0
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
Demand
Fossil fuels
Renewables
Fusion
Power & storage
Other R&D
1999
2004
Fission
Source: IEA
Future developments?
• US position into the coming few years – critical
– Lots happening at State level
– Plenty of optimism
• EU – worrying?
– Still not enough awareness in many countries
• The challenge of bringing in emerging
economies
Thank You!!!