Download Evolution: Chapters 15-17

Evolution: Chapters 15-17
Diversity of Life
Evolution: Change over _______________
Theory: a well supported testable __________________ of ____________________that has occurred in the natural
world.
History of Evolution
(p. 374) 1795- Hutton published a detailed theory about _________________ ____________ that shaped the Earth
(p. 377) 1798- Malthus predicts the human population will grow _____________ than the space and food supply can
sustain it
(p. 376) 1809- Lamarck publishes his theory of the inheritance of _________________ traits. ______ or __________
(p. 375) 1833- Lyell explained processes occurring now have shaped Earth’s ___________________ features over
__________ periods of time.
(p. 369) 1831- Charles Darwin sets sail on the _______________ from England for a voyage around the world.
(p. 378) 1836- Returns to England with many __________________
(p. 379) 1859- Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species. He proposed the mechanism for evolution
in which he called __________________________.
The word “evolution” is not used in The Origin of Species, however, Darwin refers to descent with
________________, which is descent with changes from other species over_________.
More on Darwin- very interested in nature and bugs. His father was a physician and thought that Darwin should follow
suit.
Evolution by Natural Selection (page 380-382)
1. Struggle for Existence- members of each species _______________ regularly for food, living space, and other
_________________ of life. Ex: predators are fast or have a particular way of ensnaring prey; may be
camouflaged or have protection (porcupine).
2. Survival of the Fittest
a. _____________________ - ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment.
b. _____________________ - inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival.
1. M________________
2. C____________________
3. W_________________ color
4. ability to carry out photosynthesis
5. hunting methods- in groups or as individuals
3. Descent with ____________________________ a. Over long periods of time, ______________________ selection produces organisms that have _________
structures, establish different niches or occupy different habitats causing species of today to look different
from their__________________________ .
b. This implies that all living organisms are related to one another or have common ancestors- ___________
descent.
Lab- What Does Adaptation Mean?
Evidence of Evolution
1. Fossil Record p. 382-383; 417-418
Paleontologist- scientists who study _________________
What is a fossil? ___________ remains or evidence of an ______________ organism
Relative Dating: the age of a fossil is determined by comparing its ___________ with that of fossils in
other ___________ of rock.
Radioactive Dating: is the use of _________-________to determine the age of the sample
Half-Life: length of _________ required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to___________.
*Examine the fossils provided. View the diagram below and complete the following questions.
E
D
C
B
A
1. How many layers of rock are being observed? 1 2 3 4 5
2. What kind of rock are the layers above most likely to be? _______________________
3. Which fossil is probably older? A or C
4. Which fossil is probably the most recent? A B C D E
5. Which fossil is probably the most complex? A B C D E
6. Which fossil is probably the most simple? A B C D E
7. How did you know which fossils are more simple or more complex?_______________________________
2. Homologous Body Structures p. 384
Defined as: _____________ that have different mature __________ in different organisms but develop
from the same _____________ material. *Same in structure but different in use.
A. Carefully examine the drawings of the various bones
shown to the right. Look for the similarities among
the various animals.
B. Describe the function of each set of bones below:
a. Human _____________________
b. Whale ______________________
c. Cat ________________________
d. Bat ________________________
3. Vestigial Organs p. 384
Defined as: organs that are so _____________ in size that they are “vestiges
or traces of homologous organs in other species. No longer have a known _______________.
A. The cave fish and minnow shown below are related, but the cave fish is blind. Explain why eyesight
is not an important adaptation to life in a cave.___________________________________________
Cave Fish
Minnow
B. Does the appearance of the cave fish and minnow suggest common ancestry? Yes or No
Why? ___________________________________________________________________________
C. Do vestigial organs serve a useful purpose or function? Yes or No
D. Name two human vestigial organs: _______________________ and _____________________
E. Organs or structures that have lost their function in organisms and become reduced in size are called:
4. Similarities in Embryology p. 385
Defined - Same groups of ______________ cells develop in the same _________ and in similar ___________ to
produce the tissues and organs of _______ vertebrates.
A. Study the embryo diagrams below and look at the similarities between the early development of the different
animals.
B. Which of the different animals is most similar to the human? Fish or Pig
C. How does a comparison of embryos provide evidence of evolution? __________________________
D. Similarities in early development indicate what is at work? _________________________________
E. As the embryos grow and develop, what happens to the similarity of the embryos? ______________
F. Changes in form that cause differences in the embryos are produced by: _______________________
5. Molecular Biology
Differences in amino acid sequences and DNA sequences are ___________ between species that are
more ______________ related than between species that are more ______________ related.
*Lab- Comparing Amino Acid Sequences
Summary of Darwin’s Theory p. 386
1. Individual organisms in nature differ from one another
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and many do not reproduce.
3. Members of each species must ______________ for limited _______________.
4. Each organism has different advantages and disadvantages for the struggle of existence.
5. Individuals best _________ to their environment _____________ and reproduce. Not suited will die off.
Survival of the _____________.
6. Species _________ over time.
7. Species alive today have descended with__________________.
8. All organisms on Earth are united into a _________ tree of ________.
Genes and Variation p. 393-394: 401
1. Gene pool: Is the _____________ genetic information of _____ the members of a ___________ population.
2. Allele frequency: Is the number of times _________ __________occurs in a gene pool compared with the
number of times _________ alleles occur.
3. Genetic Equilibrium: Allele frequencies remain_____________ .
4. Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Allele frequencies in a population will remain constant ________ one or more
factors ________ those frequencies to ___________ . p. 401
Five conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium:
a. There must be ___________ mating.
b. The population must be very _________.
c. There can be no ____________ into/out of the population.
d. There can be no_______________.
e. There can be no ______________ selection.
Evolution as Genetic Change p.394-402
1. ________________ Flow- movement of genes into/out of a population - introduces new alleles and/or changes
allele frequencies: Example: _______________________, migration, transfer of _________________
population, movement of _____________________: pollen, sperm and ______ of ocean organisms.
2. Genetic ______________ - change that occurs due to _____________- _________________________ (wipe
out entire gene pools), _______________________ (caribou, monarch butterfly),
“______________________” (cheetahs); has a greater effect on small populations.
3. ___________________________________- monogamy, mate selection
4. ____________________- produce totally new alleles (sickle cell occurs randomly in 5/100,000,000).
May or may not affect an organism’s ability to adapt.
Lab: Molecular Telephone
Page 398-399
5. ____________________Selection - nature chooses which traits are best suited by selecting against certain
characteristics; it is the most disruptive factor to genetic equilibrium
Nature chooses in 3 different ways...
1) ___________________________________- Average trait has the advantage
Example: Brown rabbits living in prairie grasses are better adapted than black or white rabbits.
Therefore the black and white alleles are selected against and will be taken out of the gene pool.
(See pg 399 of text)
2) __________________________________- Extremes have the advantage
Example: A fire burns the prairie grasses. The black rabbit is now better adapted. Therefore the
brown and white rabbits are selected against and are taken out of the gene pool. (See pg. 398 of
text)
3) __________________________________- Average trait has a disadvantage
Example: Dark, tan and light colored limpets (shelled marine organism) live on rocks. Sea gulls
can’t see dark limpets on dark rocks or light limpets on light rocks. They can see the tan limpets
on either rock color and will eat them. (See pg. 399 of text)
Let’s try some problem solving. Below are three graphs showing the 3 ways nature chooses traits. See if
you can correctly label each graph using the terms listed above.
________________________
__________________________ ___________________________
E. Any change in equilibrium causes changes in a population over a long period of time.
Lab: Peppered Moth Survey
The Process of Speciation page 404-405; 409
Speciation- (formation of new __________________)- results from _____________________ isolation- when members
of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Kinds of Isolating Mechanisms:
1. ________________________ Isolation- two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in
_________________ rituals.
2. ________________________ Isolation- two populations are separated by geographic _____________________
like rivers and mountains .
3. ________________________ Isolation- two or more species reproduce at different _______________________;
ex. Orchids in a rainforest; frogs
Patterns of Evolution page 435-440
Macroevolution:
1. _______________ extinctions- more than 99% of all species that ever lived are now _____________________;
wipes out whole ecological systems; ex- dinosaurs.
2. Adaptive ___________________ - fossils or living organisms show a single species or a small group of species
have evolved into ______________________ forms that live in different ways. Ex. Darwin’s finches
3. __________________________ evolution- _____________________ organisms come to resemble one
another. Ex. Sharks, penguins and dolphins (see pages 436 and 437).
4. ___________________________- _______________ species evolve in response to change in each other over
time. Ex. Orchid and hawk moth (see page 438)
5. Punctuated ________________________ - describes a pattern of long, __________________________ periods
interrupted by brief periods of more ____________________ change. Ex. Horses (see page 439) (Gould &
Eldredge)
6. Developmental Genes and Body Plans- changes in genes for growth and differentiation during embryological
development could produce transformations in body shape and size. Ex. Ancient insects versus modern insects
(see page 440).