Download Assignment MSWord - Technical Learning College

Registration form
Chemical Contaminants 201 CEU Training Course $150.00
48 HOUR RUSH ORDER PROCESSING FEE ADDITIONAL $50.00
Start and finish dates: _____________________________________
You will have 90 days from this date in order to complete this course
List number of hours worked on assignment must match State requirement. ________
Name________________________________Signature_______________________________
I have read and understood the disclaimer notice on page 2. Digitally sign XXX
Address: ______________________________________________________________
City_________________________________State_________________Zip________________
Email____________________________________ Fax (____) _______________________
Phone:
Home (____) _______________________
Work (____) ___________________________
Operator ID #____________________________________Exp. Date______________
Please circle/check which certification you are applying the course CEU’s/PDH’s.
Wastewater Collection____
Wastewater Treatment____ Distribution ____
Water Treatment ______ Other ____________________
Your certificate will be e-mailed to you in about two weeks.
Technical Learning College TLC PO Box 3060, Chino Valley, AZ 86323
Toll Free (866) 557-1746 Fax (928) 272-0747 [email protected]
If you’ve paid on the Internet, please write your Customer#_________________
Please invoice me, my PO#__________________________________________
Please pay with your credit card on our website under Bookstore or Buy Now.
Or call us and provide your credit card information.
We will stop mailing the certificate of completion so we need either your fax number or
e-mail address. We will e-mail the certificate to you, if no e-mail address; we will fax it
to you.
1
DISCLAIMER NOTICE
I understand that it is my responsibility to ensure that this CEU course is either approved or
accepted in my State for CEU credit. I understand State laws and rules change on a frequent
basis and I believe this course is currently accepted in my State for CEU or contact hour
credit, if it is not, I will not hold Technical Learning College responsible. I fully understand that
this type of study program deals with dangerous, changing conditions and various laws and
that I will not hold Technical Learning College, Technical Learning Consultants, Inc. (TLC)
liable in any fashion for any errors, omissions, advice, suggestions or neglect contained in this
CEU education training course or for any violation or injury, death, neglect, damage or loss of
your license or certification caused in any fashion by this CEU education training or course
material suggestion or error or my lack of submitting paperwork. It is my responsibility to call
or contact TLC if I need help or assistance and double-check to ensure my registration page
and assignment has been received and graded. It is my responsibility to ensure all information
is correct and to abide with all rules and regulations.
State Approval Listing Link, check to see if your State accepts or has pre-approved
this course. Not all States are listed. Not all courses are listed. If the course is not
accepted for CEU credit, we will give you the course free if you ask your State to
accept it for credit.
Professional Engineers; Most states will accept our courses for credit but we do not
officially list the States or Agencies. Please check your State for approval.
State Approval Listing URL…
http://www.tlch2o.com/PDF/CEU%20State%20Approvals.pdf
You can obtain a printed version of the course manual from TLC for an additional
$69.95 plus shipping charges.
AFFIDAVIT OF EXAM COMPLETION
I affirm that I personally completed the entire text of the course. I also affirm that I
completed the exam without assistance from any outside source. I understand that it
is my responsibility to file or maintain my certificate of completion as required by the
state or by the designation organization.
Grading Information
In order to maintain the integrity of our courses we do not distribute test scores,
percentages or questions missed. Our exams are based upon pass/fail criteria with the
benchmark for successful completion set at 70%. Once you pass the exam, your
record will reflect a successful completion and a certificate will be issued to you.
Rush Grading Service
If you need this assignment graded and the results mailed to you within a 48-hour
period, prepare to pay an additional rush service handling fee of $50.00. This fee may
not cover postage costs. If you need this service, simply write RUSH on the top of
your Registration Form. We will place you in the front of the grading and processing
line.
2
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Chemical Contaminants 201Answer Key
Name_____________________
Phone# ___________________________
You can also type your own answer key
Did you check with your State agency to ensure this course is accepted for
credit?
Method of Course acceptance confirmation. Please fill this section
Website __ Telephone Call___ Email____ Spoke to___________________
Did you receive the approval number if Applicable? ________________
What is the approval number if Applicable? ____________________
You are responsible to ensure that TLC receives the Assignment and Registration
Key. Please call us to ensure that we received it.
Please circle, underline, bold or X only one correct answer
1. A B C D E F
18. A B C D E F
35. A B C D E F
2.
A B C D E F
19. A B C D E F
36. A B C D E F
3.
A B C D E F
20. A B C D E F
37. A B C D E F
4.
A B C D E F
21. A B C D E F
38. A B C D E F
5.
A B C D E F
22. A B C D E F
39. A B C D E F
6.
A B C D E F
23. A B C D E F
40. A B C D E F
7.
A B C D E F
24. A B C D E F
41. A B C D E F
8.
A B C D E F
25. A B C D E F
42. A B C D E F
9.
A B C D E F
26. A B C D E F
43. A B C D E F
10. A B C D E F
27. A B C D E F
44. A B C D E F
11. A B C D E F
28. A B C D E F
45. A B C D E F
12. A B C D E F
29. A B C D E F
46. A B C D E F
13. A B C D E F
30. A B C D E F
47. A B C D E F
14. A B C D E F
31. A B C D E F
48. A B C D E F
15. A B C D E F
32. A B C D E F
49. A B C D E F
16. A B C D E F
33. A B C D E F
50. A B C D E F
17. A B C D E F
34. A B C D E F
51. A B C D E F
3
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
52. A B C D E F
84. A B C D E F
116. A B C D E F
53. A B C D E F
85. A B C D E F
117. A B C D E F
54. A B C D E F
86. A B C D E F
118. A B C D E F
55. A B C D E F
87. A B C D E F
119. A B C D E F
56. A B C D E F
88. A B C D E F
120. A B C D E F
57. A B C D E F
89. A B C D E F
121. A B C D E F
58. A B C D E F
90. A B C D E F
122. A B C D E F
59. A B C D E F
91. A B C D E F
123. A B C D E F
60. A B C D E F
92. A B C D E F
124. A B C D E F
61. A B C D E F
93. A B C D E F
125. A B C D E F
62. A B C D E F
94. A B C D E F
126. A B C D E F
63. A B C D E F
95. A B C D E F
127. A B C D E F
64. A B C D E F
96. A B C D E F
128. A B C D E F
65. A B C D E F
97. A B C D E F
129. A B C D E F
66. A B C D E F
98. A B C D E F
130. A B C D E F
67. A B C D E F
99. A B C D E F
131. A B C D E F
68. A B C D E F
100. A B C D E F
132. A B C D E F
69. A B C D E F
101. A B C D E F
133. A B C D E F
70. A B C D E F
102. A B C D E F
134. A B C D E F
71. A B C D E F
103. A B C D E F
135. A B C D E F
72. A B C D E F
104. A B C D E F
136. A B C D E F
73. A B C D E F
105. A B C D E F
137. A B C D E F
74. A B C D E F
106. A B C D E F
138. A B C D E F
75. A B C D E F
107. A B C D E F
139. A B C D E F
76. A B C D E F
108. A B C D E F
140. A B C D E F
77. A B C D E F
109. A B C D E F
141. A B C D E F
78. A B C D E F
110. A B C D E F
142. A B C D E F
79. A B C D E F
111. A B C D E F
143. A B C D E F
80. A B C D E F
112. A B C D E F
144. A B C D E F
81. A B C D E F
113. A B C D E F
145. A B C D E F
82. A B C D E F
114. A B C D E F
146. A B C D E F
83. A B C D E F
115. A B C D E F
147. A B C D E F
4
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
148. A B C D E F
180. A B C D E F
212. A B C D E F
149. A B C D E F
181. A B C D E F
213. A B C D E F
150. A B C D E F
182. A B C D E F
214. A B C D E F
151. A B C D E F
183. A B C D E F
215. A B C D E F
152. A B C D E F
184. A B C D E F
216. A B C D E F
153. A B C D E F
185. A B C D E F
217. A B C D E F
154. A B C D E F
186. A B C D E F
218. A B C D E F
155. A B C D E F
187. A B C D E F
219. A B C D E F
156. A B C D E F
188. A B C D E F
220. A B C D E F
157. A B C D E F
189. A B C D E F
221. A B C D E F
158. A B C D E F
190. A B C D E F
222. A B C D E F
159. A B C D E F
191. A B C D E F
223. A B C D E F
160. A B C D E F
192. A B C D E F
224. A B C D E F
161. A B C D E F
193. A B C D E F
225. A B C D E F
162. A B C D E F
194. A B C D E F
226. A B C D E F
163. A B C D E F
195. A B C D E F
227. A B C D E F
164. A B C D E F
196. A B C D E F
228. A B C D E F
165. A B C D E F
197. A B C D E F
229. A B C D E F
166. A B C D E F
198. A B C D E F
230. A B C D E F
167. A B C D E F
199. A B C D E F
231. A B C D E F
168. A B C D E F
200. A B C D E F
232. A B C D E F
169. A B C D E F
201. A B C D E F
233. A B C D E F
170. A B C D E F
202. A B C D E F
234. A B C D E F
171. A B C D E F
203. A B C D E F
235. A B C D E F
172. A B C D E F
204. A B C D E F
236. A B C D E F
173. A B C D E F
205. A B C D E F
237. A B C D E F
174. A B C D E F
206. A B C D E F
238. A B C D E F
175. A B C D E F
207. A B C D E F
239. A B C D E F
176. A B C D E F
208. A B C D E F
240. A B C D E F
177. A B C D E F
209. A B C D E F
241. A B C D E F
178. A B C D E F
210. A B C D E F
242. A B C D E F
179. A B C D E F
211. A B C D E F
243. A B C D E F
5
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
244. A B C D E F
276. A B C D E F
308. A B C D E F
245. A B C D E F
277. A B C D E F
309. A B C D E F
246. A B C D E F
278. A B C D E F
310. A B C D E F
247. A B C D E F
279. A B C D E F
311. A B C D E F
248. A B C D E F
280. A B C D E F
312. A B C D E F
249. A B C D E F
281. A B C D E F
313. A B C D E F
250. A B C D E F
282. A B C D E F
314. A B C D E F
251. A B C D E F
283. A B C D E F
315. A B C D E F
252. A B C D E F
284. A B C D E F
316. A B C D E F
253. A B C D E F
285. A B C D E F
317. A B C D E F
254. A B C D E F
286. A B C D E F
318. A B C D E F
255. A B C D E F
287. A B C D E F
319. A B C D E F
256. A B C D E F
288. A B C D E F
320. A B C D E F
257. A B C D E F
289. A B C D E F
321. A B C D E F
258. A B C D E F
290. A B C D E F
322. A B C D E F
259. A B C D E F
291. A B C D E F
323. A B C D E F
260. A B C D E F
292. A B C D E F
324. A B C D E F
261. A B C D E F
293. A B C D E F
325. A B C D E F
262. A B C D E F
294. A B C D E F
326. A B C D E F
263. A B C D E F
295. A B C D E F
327. A B C D E F
264. A B C D E F
296. A B C D E F
328. A B C D E F
265. A B C D E F
297. A B C D E F
329. A B C D E F
266. A B C D E F
298. A B C D E F
330. A B C D E F
267. A B C D E F
299. A B C D E F
331. A B C D E F
268. A B C D E F
300. A B C D E F
332. A B C D E F
269. A B C D E F
301. A B C D E F
333. A B C D E F
270. A B C D E F
302. A B C D E F
334. A B C D E F
271. A B C D E F
303. A B C D E F
335. A B C D E F
272. A B C D E F
304. A B C D E F
336. A B C D E F
273. A B C D E F
305. A B C D E F
337. A B C D E F
274. A B C D E F
306. A B C D E F
338. A B C D E F
275. A B C D E F
307. A B C D E F
339. A B C D E F
6
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
340. A B C D E F
361. A B C D E F
382. A B C D E F
341. A B C D E F
362. A B C D E F
383. A B C D E F
342. A B C D E F
363. A B C D E F
384. A B C D E F
343. A B C D E F
364. A B C D E F
385. A B C D E F
344. A B C D E F
365. A B C D E F
386. A B C D E F
345. A B C D E F
366. A B C D E F
387. A B C D E F
346. A B C D E F
367. A B C D E F
388. A B C D E F
347. A B C D E F
368. A B C D E F
389. A B C D E F
348. A B C D E F
369. A B C D E F
390. A B C D E F
349. A B C D E F
370. A B C D E F
391. A B C D E F
350. A B C D E F
371. A B C D E F
392. A B C D E F
351. A B C D E F
372. A B C D E F
393. A B C D E F
352. A B C D E F
373. A B C D E F
394. A B C D E F
353. A B C D E F
374. A B C D E F
395. A B C D E F
354. A B C D E F
375. A B C D E F
396. A B C D E F
355. A B C D E F
376. A B C D E F
397. A B C D E F
356. A B C D E F
377. A B C D E F
398. A B C D E F
357. A B C D E F
378. A B C D E F
399. A B C D E F
358. A B C D E F
379. A B C D E F
400. A B C D E F
359. A B C D E F
380. A B C D E F
360. A B C D E F
381. A B C D E F
This course contains general EPA’s SDWA federal rule requirements. Please be
aware that each state implements water / sampling procedures/safety/
environmental / building regulations that may be more stringent than EPA’s
regulations. Check with your state environmental/health agency for more
information. These rules change frequently and are often difficult to interpret and
follow. Be careful to not be in non-compliance and do not follow this course for
proper compliance.
Please fax the answer key to TLC
(928) 272-0747
7
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
8
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS 201
CEU TRAINING COURSE
CUSTOMER SERVICE RESPONSE CARD
NAME: __________________________
E-MAIL _________________________________ PHONE _____________________
PLEASE COMPLETE THIS FORM BY CIRCLING THE NUMBER OF THE
APPROPRIATE ANSWER IN THE AREA BELOW.
1. Please rate the difficulty of your course.
Very Easy 0
1
2
3
4
2. Please rate the difficulty of the testing process.
Very Easy 0
1
2
3
4
5
Very Difficult
5
Very Difficult
3. Please rate the subject matter on the exam to your actual field or work.
Very Similar 0
1
2
3
4
5 Very Different
4. How did you hear about this Course? _______________________________
5. What would you do to improve the Course?
________________________________________________________________
How about the price of the course?
Poor_____ Fair ____ Average ____ Good____ Great_____
How was your customer service?
Poor___ Fair ____ Average ____ Good _____ Great_____
Any other concerns or comments.
9
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
10
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Chemical Contaminants 201 CEU Training Course Assignment
You will have 90 days from the start of this assignment to successfully complete it with a score of
70%. If you should need any assistance, please call or e-mail the Student Service Department,
please fax or e-mail all concerns and the final test to TLC.
You are expected to circle the correct answer on the enclosed answer key. Please include
your name and address on your exam. The answer key is in the front. There are no intentional
trick questions.
You can e-mail or fax your Answer Key along with the Registration Form to TLC.
Inorganic Chemical Introduction
What are Inorganic Compounds?
1. Inorganic compounds are of inanimate, not biological origin. Inorganic compounds lack carbon and
hydrogen atoms and are synthesized by the agency of geological systems. In contrast, the synthesis
of __________________ in biological systems incorporates carbohydrates into the molecular
structure.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
2. Organic chemists traditionally refer to any molecule containing carbon as an organic compound
and by default this means that ___________________deals with molecules lacking carbon. However,
biologists may distinguish organic from inorganic compounds in a different way that does not hinge on
the presence of a carbon atom.
A. Presence of a carbon atom
D. Inorganic compounds
B. Atmospheric CO2
E. Carbon
C. Inorganic chemistry
F. None of the Above
3. Pools of_____________, for example, that have been metabolically incorporated into living tissues
persist in decomposing tissues, but as molecules become oxidized into the open environment, such
as atmospheric CO2, this creates a separate pool of inorganic compounds.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Organic matter
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
4. The distinction between inorganic and organic compounds is not always clear when dealing with
open and closed systems, because everything is ultimately connected to everything else on the
planet. Some scientists, for example, view the open environment (i.e., the ecosphere) as an
extension of life and from this perspective may consider atmospheric CO 2 as_____________. IUPAC,
an agency widely recognized for defining chemical terms, does not offer definitions of inorganic or
organic.
A. Presence of a carbon atom
D. Inorganic compounds
B. An organic compound
E. Carbon
C. Typical examples
F. None of the Above
5. ______________ are rather simple chemicals present in ground water. These chemicals are
generally described as mineral in nature and usually exist as ions (chemical substances with a
positive or negative charge) when dissolved in water.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
11
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
6. Typical examples include sodium, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, nitrate, chloride, sulfate,
and zinc. Many of these chemicals are naturally occurring _______________that are dissolved from
the rock/soil which make up the aquifer or water-bearing rock formations below the soil surface.
A. Presence of a carbon atom
D. Inorganic compounds
B. Atmospheric CO2
E. Minerals
C. Typical examples
F. None of the Above
7. However, some of these ______________ may be introduced into ground water by human
activities.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
8. Nitrate (an agricultural fertilizer) and sodium chloride (road salt) are two examples. Water
purveyors need to test for 30 different ________________ including all arsenic, barium, cadmium,
lead, mercury, selenium, and thallium
A. Presence of a carbon atom
D. Inorganic compounds
B. Atmospheric CO2
E. Carbon
C. Typical examples
F. None of the Above
9. _____________________ - these are once living, or are living and can bring life to cells. These
contain carbon, and their electrons spin clockwise, just like those of the human body. Additionally,
these cells can form an ionic bond with the body and can easily break down into materials to help with
bodily function, such as tissue repair.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
10. ___________________- these were never living, without carbon and cannot bring life to cells.
The body treats these metals like toxins and are tightly held together; they cannot be easily broken
down. And, their electrons spin counterclockwise, out of sync with the rest of the body.
A. Presence of a carbon atom
D. Inorganic compounds
B. Atmospheric CO2
E. Carbon
C. Typical examples
F. None of the Above
SOC Section
SOC Introduction
11. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) are organic (carbon based) chemicals that are less volatile
than ______________________.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
12. ______________________ are used as pesticides, defoliants, fuel additives and as ingredients
for other organic compounds. They are all man made and do not naturally occur in the environment.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
13. Some of the more well-known SOCs are Atrazine, 2,4-D, Dioxin and _________________.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
12
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
14. SOCs most often enter the natural environment through application of pesticide (including runoff
from areas where they are applied), as part of a legally discharged waste stream, improper or illegal
waste disposal, accidental releases or as a byproduct of incineration. Some _____________ are very
persistent in the environment, whether in soil or water.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
15. SOCs are generally toxic and can have substantial health impacts from both acute (short-term)
and chronic (long-term) exposure. Many are known carcinogens (cancer causing). EPA has set
Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) for 30 ______________ under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
16. The Safe Drinking Water Act requires that all water sources of all public water systems be
periodically monitored for regulated ______________________. The monitoring frequency can be
adjusted through a waiver if SOCs are not detected.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
17.
EPA established Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL), _______________, monitoring
requirements and best available technologies for removal for 65 chemical contaminants over a five
year period as EPA gathered and analyzed occurrence and health effects data.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
18. This series of rules are known as _______________and they define regulations for three
contaminant groups: Inorganic Chemicals (IOC), Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOC), and Volatile
Organic Chemicals (VOC).
A. Organic chemical rules
D. The Chemical Phase Rules
B. EPA contaminants
E. Chemical compounds
C. Three contaminant groups
F. None of the Above
19. The Chemical Phase rules provide public health protection through the reduction of chronic risks
from: _________________________________.
A. Specific Treatment Techniques (TT)
D. Benzene
B. Aqueous solvents
E. Methylene chloride
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
20. They also help to reduce the occurrence of ____________________or "blue baby syndrome"
from ingestion of elevated levels of nitrate or nitrite.
A. Methemoglobinemia
D. Elevated levels of nitrate or nitrite
B. Most contaminants
E. Chemical compounds
C. Three contaminant groups
F. None of the Above
21. All public water systems must monitor for__________________. Community water systems and
Non-transient non-community water systems must also monitor for IOCs, SOCs, and VOCs.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Nitrate and Nitrite
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
13
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
22. This is a list of the organic chemicals—which include pesticides, industrial chemicals, and
disinfection by-products—that are tested for in public water systems (those that provide water to the
public), along with the_____________________, and a brief description of the potential health effects
associated with long-term consumption of elevated levels of the contaminants.
A. 60 organic chemicals
D. Elevated levels of nitrate or nitrite
B. Most contaminants
E. Chemical compounds
C. Maximum standard for the contaminant F. None of the Above
23. The federal standard for _____________ is listed as a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), the
lowest concentration at which that particular contaminant is believed to represent a potential health
concern. Unless otherwise noted, the MCL is expressed as parts per billion (ppb).
A. Some organic chemicals
D. Elevated levels of nitrate or nitrite
B. Most contaminants
E. Chemical compounds
C. All contaminant groups
F. None of the Above
24. Because of technological limitations or other factors, it is not possible to test for some
contaminants in a reliable fashion. Instead, public water systems are required to use specific
Treatment Techniques (TT) that are designed to remove these _______________from the water.
A. Particular contaminants
D. Benzene
B. Aqueous solvents
E. Methylene chloride
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
25. In addition to the chemicals listed, monitoring is done for approximately 60 organic chemicals for
which MCLs have not been established. If unacceptable levels are found of
these________________—based on established state health standards and an assessment of the
risks they pose—the response is the same as if an MCL has been exceeded: the public water system
must notify those served by the system.
A. 60 organic chemicals
D. Elevated levels of nitrate or nitrite
B. “Unregulated” contaminants
E. Chemical compounds
C. Three contaminant groups
F. None of the Above
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
VOCs Explained
26. ___________________ are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary,
room-temperature conditions. Their high vapor pressure results from a low boiling point, which
causes large numbers of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the
compound and enter the surrounding air. An example is formaldehyde, with a boiling point of –19 °C
(–2 °F), slowly exiting paint and getting into the air.
A. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
D. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)
B. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
E. Organic compounds
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
F. None of the Above
27. VOCs are numerous, varied, and ubiquitous. They include both human-made and naturally
occurring chemical compounds. _______________are of VOCs. VOCs play an important role in
communication between plants.
A. 60 organic chemicals
D. Elevated odors
B. Most scents or odors
E. Chemical compounds
C. Three contaminant groups
F. None of the Above
14
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
28. Some VOCs are dangerous to human health or cause harm to the environment. _____________
are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are the highest.
A. Anthropogenic VOCs
D. Benzene
B. Aqueous solvents
E. Methylene chloride
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
29. _________________are typically not acutely toxic, but instead have compounding long-term
health effects. Because the concentrations are usually low and the symptoms slow to develop,
research into VOCs and their effects is difficult.
A. 60 organic chemicals
D. Elevated levels of nitrate or nitrite
B. Most contaminants
E. Chemical compounds
C. Three contaminant groups
F. None of the Above
Specific Components
Paints and Coatings
30. A major source of man-made VOCs are coatings, especially paints and protective coatings.
_______________are required to spread a protective or decorative film. Approximately 12 billion
liters of paints are produced annually.
A. Solvents
D. Cleaning products
B. VOC
E. Carbon monoxide
C. Benzene
F. None of the Above
31. __________________are aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethyl acetate, glycol ethers, and acetone.
Motivated by cost, environmental concerns, and regulation, the paint and coating industries are
increasingly shifting toward aqueous solvents.
A. Typical solvents
D. Benzene
B. Aqueous solvents
E. Methylene chloride
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
Chlorofluorocarbons and Chlorocarbons
32. __________________, which are banned or highly regulated, were widely used cleaning
products and refrigerants.
A. Solvents
D. Cleaning products
B. VOC
E. Carbon monoxide
C. Benzene
F. None of the Above
33. _________________is used widely in dry cleaning and by industry. Industrial use of fossil fuels
produces VOCs either directly as products (e.g., gasoline) or indirectly as byproducts (e.g.,
automobile exhaust).
A. Tetrachloroethene
D. Benzene
B. Aqueous solvents
E. Methylene chloride
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
Benzene
34. One VOC that is a known human carcinogen is __________________, which is a chemical found
in environmental tobacco smoke, stored fuels, and exhaust from cars in an attached garage.
A. Solvents
D. Cleaning products
B. VOC
E. Carbon monoxide
C. Benzene
F. None of the Above
15
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
35. _______________ also has natural sources such as volcanoes and forest fires. It is frequently
used to make other chemicals in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic fibers.
A. Specific Treatment Techniques (TT)
D. Benzene
B. Aqueous solvents
E. Methylene chloride
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
36. _________________ evaporates into the air quickly and the vapor of benzene is heavier than air
allowing the compound to sink into low-lying areas.
A. Solvents
D. Cleaning products
B. VOC
E. Carbon monoxide
C. Benzene
F. None of the Above
37. _______________ has also been known to contaminate food and water and if digested can lead
to vomiting, dizziness, sleepiness, rapid heartbeat, and at high levels, even death may occur.
A. Mother-in-law
D. Benzene
B. Aqueous solvents
E. Methylene chloride
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
Methylene Chloride
38. Methylene chloride is another VOC that is highly dangerous to human health. It can be found in
adhesive removers and aerosol spray paints and the chemical has been proven to cause cancer in
animals. In the human body, ___________________is converted to carbon monoxide and a person
will suffer the same symptoms as exposure to carbon monoxide.
A. Solvent
D. Methylene chloride
B. VOC
E. Carbon monoxide
C. Benzene
F. None of the Above
39. If a product that contains _____________needs to be used the best way to protect human health
is to use the product outdoors. If it must be used indoors, proper ventilation is essential to keeping
exposure levels down.
A. Methylene chloride
D. Benzene
B. Aqueous solvents
E. Methylene chlorite
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
Perchloroethylene
40. Perchloroethylene is a ___________that has been linked to causing cancer in animals. It is also
suspected to cause many of the breathing related symptoms of exposure to VOC’s.
A. Volatile organic compound
D. Cancer causer
B. Organic chemical
E. Chemical
C. SOC
F. None of the Above
41. Perchloroethylene is used mostly in dry cleaning. Studies show that people breathe in low levels
of this ______________ in homes where dry-cleaned clothes are stored and while wearing drycleaned clothing. While dry cleaners attempt to recapture perchlorothylene in the dry cleaning
process to reuse it in an effort to save money, they can’t recapture it all.
A. Formaldehyde D. Perchloroethylene
B. MTBE
E. Organic chemicals
C. VOC
F. None of the Above
42. To avoid exposure to perchlorothylene, if a _______________is coming from clothing when
picked up from the dry cleaner, do not accept them and request that less of the chemical be used as
well as a complete drying of the garments
A. Perchloroethylene
D. Strong chemical odor
B. Organic chemical
E. Furry creature
C. VOC
F. None of the Above
16
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
MTBE
43. MTBE was banned in the US around 2004 in order to limit further contamination of drinking water
aquifers primarily from leaking underground gasoline storage tanks where MTBE was used as an
octane booster and______________________.
A. Formaldehyde D. Oxygenated-additive
B. MTBE
E. Organic chemicals
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
Formaldehyde
44. Many building materials such as paints, adhesives, wall boards, and ceiling tiles slowly
emit____________________, which irritates the mucous membranes and can make a person
irritated and uncomfortable.
A. Perchloroethylene
D. Sounds
B. Organic chemicals
E. Formaldehyde
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
45. Formaldehyde emissions from wood are in the range of 0.02 – 0.04 ppm. Relative humidity within
an indoor environment can also affect the emissions of formaldehyde. High relative humidity and high
temperatures allow more vaporization of ________________________ from wood-materials.
A. Formaldehyde D. Perchloroethylene
B. MTBE
E. Organic chemicals
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
Health Risks
46. Respiratory, allergic, or immune effects in infants or children are associated with man-made
_____________ and other indoor or outdoor air pollutants.
A. Perchloroethylene
D. Cancer
B. Organic chemicals
E. An unhealthy place to breathe
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
47. Some VOCs, such as styrene and limonene, can react with nitrogen oxides or with ozone to
produce new oxidation products and secondary aerosols, which can cause sensory irritation
symptoms. Unspecified ____________ are important in the creation of smog.
A. Formaldehyde D. Perchloroethylene
B. MTBE
E. Organic chemicals
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
Health effects include:
48. Eye, nose, and throat irritation; headaches, loss of coordination, nausea; damage to liver, kidney,
and central nervous system. _______________can cause cancer in animals; some are suspected or
known to cause cancer in humans.
A. Perchloroethylene
D. Some organics
B. Organic chemicals
E. Water
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
49. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to _______________ include conjunctival
irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea, declines in serum
cholinesterase levels, nausea, emesis, epistaxis, fatigue, dizziness.
A. Formaldehyde D. Perchloroethylene
B. MTBE
E. Organic chemicals
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
17
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
50. The ability of _______________ to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly
toxic, to those with no known health effects. As with other pollutants, the extent and nature of the
health effect will depend on many factors including level of exposure and length of time exposed.
A. Perchloroethylene
D. Cancer
B. Organic chemicals
E. An unhealthy place
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
51. Eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory
impairment are among the immediate symptoms that some people have experienced soon after
exposure to ________________________.
A. Formaldehyde D. Perchloroethylene
B. MTBE
E. Organic chemicals
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
52. At present, not much is known about what health effects occur from the levels of organics usually
found in homes. __________________are known to cause cancer in animals; some are suspected of
causing, or are known to cause, cancer in humans.
A. Perchloroethylene
D. Many organic compounds
B. Organic chemicals
E. Unhealthy restaurants
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
Reducing Exposure
53. To reduce exposure to these toxins, one should buy products that contain Low-VOC’s or No
VOC’s. Only the quantity which will soon be needed should be purchased, eliminating stockpiling of
these chemicals. Use products with ____________ in well ventilated areas.
A. Formaldehyde D. Perchloroethylene
B. MTBE
E. Organic chemicals
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
54. When designing homes and buildings, design teams can implement the best possible ventilation
plans, call for ____________________, and design assemblies to reduce the amount of infiltration
into the building. These methods will help improve indoor air quality, but by themselves they cannot
keep a building from becoming an unhealthy place to breathe. While proper building ventilation is a
key component to improving indoor air quality, it cannot do the job on its own.
A. Perchloroethylene
D. Cancer detection
B. Organic chemicals
E. An unhealthy place to breathe
C. VOCs
F. None of the Above
55. As stated earlier, awareness is the key component to improving air quality, when choosing
building materials, furnishings, and decorations. When architects and engineers implement best
practices in ventilation and mechanical systems, the owner must maintain good _______________
thereafter.
A. Perchloroethylene free homes D. Dinner parties
B. Organic chemicals free homes E. Relationships
C. VOCs free clothes
F. None of the Above
Allotropes Section
56. Allotropy or allotropism is the property of _______________to exist in two or more different
forms, known as allotropes of these elements.
A. Allotropy
D. Some chemical elements
B. Allotropes
E. Metalloids
C. Molecular formulae
F. None of the Above
18
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
57. _________________ are different structural modifications of an element; the atoms of the
element are bonded together in a different manner.
A. Allotropy
D. Some elements
B. Allotropes
E. Metalloids
C. Molecular formulae
F. None of the Above
58. The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used
for any crystalline material, is_____________________.
A. Allotropy
D. Polymorphism
B. Allotrope
E. Metalloid
C. Molecular formulae
F. None of the Above
59. ________________ refers only to different forms of an element within the same phase (i.e.
different solid, liquid or gas forms); the changes of state between solid, liquid and gas in themselves
are not considered allotropy.
A. Allotropy
D. Element
B. Allotrope
E. Metalloid
C. Molecular formulae
F. None of the Above
60. For some elements, _____________________ have different molecular formulae which can
persist in different phases – for example, two allotropes of oxygen (dioxygen, O 2 and ozone, O3), can
both exist in the solid, liquid and gaseous states.
A. Allotropy
D. Some elements
B. Allotropes
E. Metalloids
C. Molecular formulae
F. None of the Above
61. Conversely, some elements do not maintain distinct allotropes in different phases – for example
phosphorus has numerous_______________, which all revert to the same P4 form when melted to
the liquid state.
A. Allotropy
D. Solid allotropes
B. Allotropes
E. Metalloids
C. Molecular formulae
F. None of the Above
List of Allotropes
62. Typically, _____________capable of variable coordination number and/or oxidation states tend
to exhibit greater numbers of allotropic forms. Another contributing factor is the ability of an element
to catenate.
A. Allotropy
D. Elements
B. Allotropes
E. Metalloids
C. Molecular formulae
F. None of the Above
63. __________________ are typically more noticeable in non-metals (excluding the halogens and
the noble gases) and metalloids. Nevertheless, metals tend to have many allotropes.
A. Allotropy
D. Some elements
B. Allotropes
E. Metalloids
C. Molecular formulae
F. None of the Above
Small Water Filters
64. Water filters generally come in two forms. Portable ion exchange water filters, and reverse
osmosis water filters. Both are used for "________________________" drinking water, that is, to filter
out harmful or unwanted particles before the water is used for human consumption.
A. A carbon filter
D. Man-made filter
B. Backwash carbon
E. Point of use
C. Activated carbon
F. None of the Above
19
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
65. Reverse Osmosis works by forcing the water through a ________________that stops certain
particles from passing through.
A. Semi-permeable membrane
D. Recommend treatment
B. Activated carbon
E. Carbon filter or system
C. Process
F. None of the Above
66. Portable water filters work using a cartridge containing activated carbon
and_________________. The carbon absorbs and helps reduce the levels of chlorine and chlorine
compounds, as well as pesticides, color and other organic substances. This improves taste and
appearance. The ion exchange resin works to reduce temporary hardness.
A. A carbon filter
D. Ion exchange resin
B. Backwash carbon
E. Organic matter
C. Activated carbon
F. None of the Above
Activated Carbon Filtration
67. __________________ has been used for many years to solve water problems. In the beginning,
its use was more art than science. Today, however, we understand more about what activated carbon
can remove and how it removes impurities.
A. Reverse Osmosis
D. Money
B. Activated carbon
E. Government
C. The adsorption process
F. None of the Above
68. _______________________quickly and effectively removes chlorine from water.
A. A carbon filter
D. Man-made organics
B. Robots
E. Organic matter
C. Activated carbon
F. None of the Above
69. The presence of organic matter in water can cause color, taste, and odor complaints. Activated
carbon adsorbs organic matter in its extensive network of pores. ____________________ takes time,
so service rates should be limited to 5 gpm/ft (12m/hr) or less for these applications.
A. Reverse Osmosis
D. Sand filter
B. Activated carbon
E. A carbon filter or system
C. The adsorption process
F. None of the Above
Synthetic Organic Chemicals
70. Synthetic organic chemicals (SOC) include all __________________, some of which are volatile
organic compounds (VOC).
A. Carbon based units
D. Man-made organics
B. Carbon atoms
E. Organic matter
C. Re-activated carbon
F. None of the Above
71. ___________________ can substantially reduce many VOCs such as benzene, trichlorethane
and carbon tetrachloride.
A. Reverse Osmosis
D. Fire
B. Activated carbon
E. A carbon filter or system
C. The adsorption process
F. None of the Above
72. __________________ also removes SOCs such as Alachlor, EDB and toluene. The EPA is
establishing limits for these chemicals in public drinking water supplies.
A. A carbon filter
D. Man-made machines
B. Backwash carbon
E. Organic filters
C. Activated carbon
F. None of the Above
20
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
73. Before recommending_______________, water suspected of containing any of these and other
substances must be analyzed to determine their concentrations and whether they exceed the EPA
standards.
A. Reverse Osmosis
D. Treatment
B. Activated carbon
E. A carbon filter or system
C. The adsorption process
F. None of the Above
74. _____________________compact with use so they may need occasional backwashing,
however, backwash carbon as little as possible to prevent loss of the fragile material. Also,
contaminant-laden carbon may migrate toward the bottom of the bed during backwash and reduce
filter performance.
A. A carbon filter
D. MF
B. Backwash carbon
E. Activated carbon beds
C. Activated carbon
F. None of the Above
75. When operating ______________________ on turbid water supplies, remove suspended
particles with a depth filter before treating it with activated carbon.
A. Reverse Osmosis process
D. A boat
B. Activated carbon filters
E. A carbon filter or system
C. The adsorption process
F. None of the Above
76. __________________typically backwashes at 10 gpm/ft (25 m/hr) for about 10 minutes, followed
by a 5 minute downflow rinse.
A. A carbon filter
D. Man
B. Backwash carbon filter
E. Organic matter filtering
C. Activated carbon process
F. None of the Above
77. Over a period of several months to two years, the carbon's adsorption capacity diminishes. The
exhausted _______________________should be replaced with fresh carbon. The old carbon should
be hauled to an approved disposal facility.
A. Reverse Osmosis
D. Carbon bed
B. Activated carbon
E. A carbon filter or system
C. Adsorption process
F. None of the Above
Membrane Filtration Processes
78. In 1748, the French physicist Nollet first noted that water would diffuse through a pig bladder
membrane into alcohol. This was the discovery of__________________, a process in which water
from a dilute solution will naturally pass through a porous membrane into a concentrate solution.
A. Reverse osmosis
D. RO membranes
B. A porous membrane
E. Osmosis
C. Potable water
F. None of the Above
79. Over the years, scientists have attempted to develop membranes that would be useful in
industrial processes, but it wasn’t until the late 1950s that membranes were produced that could be
used for what is known as ______________________.
A. Direct filtration process D. Membrane filtration processes
B. MF
E. Reverse osmosis
C. Desalinization
F. None of the Above
80. In __________________, water is forced to move through a membrane from a concentrate
solution to a dilute solution.
A. Reverse osmosis
D. RO membranes
B. A porous membrane
E. Rapid sand filters
C. Potable water
F. None of the Above
21
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
81. Since that time, continual improvements and new developments have been made in
________________, resulting in ever-increasing uses in many industries. In potable water treatment,
membranes have been used for desalinization, removal of dissolved inorganic and organic chemicals,
water softening, and removal of the fine solids.
A. Direct filtration process D. Membrane filtration processes
B. MF
E. Reverse osmosis
C. Desalinization
F. None of the Above
82. In particular, ____________________ enables some water systems having contaminated water
sources to meet new, more stringent regulations. In some cases, it can also allow secondary sources,
such as brackish groundwater, to be used.
A. Reverse osmosis
D. RO membranes
B. A porous membrane
E. Rapid sand filters
C. Potable water
F. None of the Above
83. There is great potential for the continuing wide use of __________________ in potable water
treatment, especially as technology improves and costs are reduced.
A. Direct filtration process D. Membrane filtration processes
B. MF
E. Reverse osmosis
C. Desalinization
F. None of the Above
Microfiltration
84.
Microfiltration (MF) is a process in which water is forced under pressure through
_________________________.
A. Reverse osmosis
D. RO membranes
B. A porous membrane
E. Rapid sand filters
C. Potable water
F. None of the Above
85.
with the other _______________________.
A. Direct filtration process D. Membrane filtration processes
B. MF
E. Reverse osmosis
C. Desalinization
F. None of the Above
86. This process has not been generally applicable to drinking water treatment because it either does
not remove substances that require removal from potable water, or the problem substances can be
removed more economically using___________________________.
A. Reverse osmosis
D. RO membranes
B. A porous membrane
E. Rapid sand filters
C. Other processes
F. None of the Above
87. The current primary use of _______________ is by industries to remove very fine particles from
process water, such as in electronic manufacturing. In addition, the process has also been used as a
pretreatment for other membrane processes.
A. Direct filtration process D. Membrane filtration processes
B. MF
E. Reverse osmosis
C. Desalinization
F. None of the Above
88. In particular, _____________________ are susceptible to clogging or filter binding unless the
water being processed is already quite clean.
A. Reverse osmosis filters
D. RO membranes
B. Porous membranes
E. Rapid sand filters
C. Probable water filters
F. None of the Above
22
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
89. However, in recent years, microfiltration has been proposed as a filtering method for particles
resulting from the______________________.
A. Direct filtration process D. Membrane filtration processes
B. MF
E. Reverse osmosis
C. Desalinization
F. None of the Above
90. Traditionally, this _______________ has used the injection of coagulants such as alum or
polymers into the raw water stream to remove turbidity such as clay or silts.
A. Direct filtration process D. Membrane filtration processes
B. MF
E. Reverse osmosis
C. Desalinization
F. None of the Above
91. The formed particles were then removed by ________________. The use of filter aids to improve
filtering efficiency, especially for small particles that could contain bacterial and protozoan life are
recommended.
A. Reverse osmosis
D. RO membranes
B. A porous membrane
E. Rapid sand filters
C. Portable water filter
F. None of the Above
Ultrafiltration
92. ________________
A. EDR
D. NF
B. RO
E. XF
C. ED
F. None of the Above
93. The smaller pore size is designed to remove colloids and substances that have larger molecules,
which are called high-molecular-weight materials. __________________can be designed to pass
material that weigh less than or equal to a certain molecular weight. This weight is called the
molecular weight cutoff (MWC) of the membrane.
A. Demineralizing compartments D. Direct electric current applied to the solution
B. UF
E. Membrane process
C. Processes for this service
F. None of the Above
94. Although ______________ does not generally work well for removal of salt or dissolved solids, it
can be used effectively for removal or most organic chemicals.
A. Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) D. NF
B. An important RO process
E. UF
C. These RO membranes
F. None of the Above
Nanofiltration
95. Nanofiltration (NF) is a process using membranes that will reject even smaller molecules than
___________.
A. DO
D. ET
B. UF
E. Membrane process
C. UFO
F. None of the Above
96. The process has been used primarily for water softening and reduction of total dissolved solids
(TDS). NF operates with less pressure that reverse osmosis and is still able to remove a significant
proportion of inorganic and organic molecules. This capability will undoubtedly increase the use of
_________________ for potable water treatment.
A. EDR
D. NF
B. RO process
E. UF
C. These RO membranes F. None of the Above
23
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Reverse Osmosis
97. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a membrane process that has the highest rejection capability of all the
______________________.
A. Demineralizing compartments D. Machines
B. UF
E. Membrane processes
C. Processes for this service
F. None of the Above
98. _________________ have very low MWC pore size that can reject ions at very high rates,
including chloride and sodium.
A. Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) mebranes
D. NF
B. RO process
E. UF
C. These RO membranes
F. None of the Above
99. Water from this _____________________ is very pure due to the high reject rates. The process
has been used primarily in the water industry for desalinization of seawater because the capital and
operating costs are competitive with other processes for this service.
A. Demineralizing process
D. Device
B. UF
E. System
C. Service
F. None of the Above
100. The RO also works most organic chemicals, and radionuclides and microorganisms. Industrial
water uses such as semiconductor manufacturing is also an important ________________.
A. Purpose
D. Function
B. RO process
E. UF
C. RO membranes
F. None of the Above
Electrodialysis
101. Electrodialysis (ED) is a process in which ions are transferred through ______________as a
result of direct electric current applied to the solution. The current carries the ions through a
membrane from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated one.
A. Demineralizing compartments D. The solution
B. A membrane
E. Membrane process
C. Processes for this service
F. None of the Above
Electrodialysis Reversal
102. Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) is a process similar to_______________, except that the
polarity of the direct current is periodically reversed.
A. ED
D. NF
B. An important RO process
E. UF
C. RO membranes
F. None of the Above
103. The reversal in polarity reverses the flow of ions _____________compartments, which provides
automatic flushing of scale-forming materials from the membrane surface.
A. Between demineralizing D. Direct electric current applied to the solution
B. In the UF
E. Make ice cream in the big
C. In the processing
F. None of the Above
104. As a result, EDR can often be used with little or no pretreatment of feedwater to prevent fouling.
So far, ____________and EDR have been used at only a few locations for drinking water treatment.
A. ED
D. NF
B. An important RO process
E. UF
C. These RO membranes
F. None of the Above
24
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Drinking Water Standards
105. The __________________is responsible for establishing maximum contaminant levels for
drinking water. These standards are expressed as MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level). In most
cases, this measurement is expressed as milligrams per liter of water (mg/l) or as parts per million
(ppm).
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCLs
E. US Environmental Protection Agency
C. Group USA
F. None of the Above
106. In general terms, inorganic compounds are those materials that do not contain carbon. These
compounds are often able to be dissolved in water. For example, dissolved gases such as nitrogen,
oxygen, radon, and methane can be classified as _________________.
A. Myriad organic compounds
D. Ionic compounds
B. Inorganic compounds
E. Electron affinity (anions)
C. Some metals
F. None of the Above
107. In addition to dissolved gases, some metals may be present in water as well. Some of these
metals can be hazardous to human health, and may be introduced into water either naturally or
through__________________________.
A. Myriad organic compounds
D. Ionic compounds
B. Inorganic compounds
E. Electron affinity (anions)
C. Some metals
F. None of the Above
108. Some of the more common metals include arsenic and aluminum which the EPA has
established a MCL of no more than____________________.
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002
E. 10.0
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
109. Lead with a MCL of____________________.
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002
E. 10.0
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
110. Mercury MCL of_______________
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002
E. 10.0
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
111. In addition, zinc, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and copper, all with a _______ MCL.
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002.
E. 10.0
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
112. ______________ can be dangerous to human health even at low concentrations, and as
mentioned above can be introduced to our water from a variety of sources, including old pipes and
lead solder.
A. Crystallization compounds
D. Organometallic compounds
B. Inorganic salts
E. Lead, mercury, and arsenic
C. Compounds
F. None of the Above
113. Some of the ________________such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are
important to our overall health and well-being.
A. Myriad organic compounds
D. Ionic compounds
B. Other inorganic compounds
E. Other organic compounds
C. Metals
F. None of the Above
25
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
114. Another class of inorganic compounds are known as negative ions. These include substances
such as fluoride: MCL _______ PPM (parts per million).
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002
E. 10.0
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
115. Chloride and nitrate: MCL ____________ ppm.
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002
E. 10.0
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
116. Nitrite MCL ________________.
A. 4.0
D. 1.0
B. .002
E. 10.0
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
117. Sulfate, phosphate, carbonate, and cyanide: MCL _____________
A. 2.0
D. .025
B. .002
E. 20.0
C. 0.2
F. None of the Above
Inorganic Chemistry
118. Inorganic chemistry is the study of the synthesis and behavior of________________. This field
covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds (carbon based compounds,
usually containing C-H bonds), which are the subjects of organic chemistry.
A. Myriad organic compounds
D. Ionic compounds
B. Inorganic compounds
E. Inorganic and organometallic compounds
C. Some metals
F. None of the Above
119. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, and there is much overlap, most
importantly in the sub-discipline of ____________________. It has applications in every aspect of the
chemical industry–including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medicine,
fuel, and agriculture.
A. Crystallization
D. Organometallic chemistry
B. Inorganic salts
E. Lead, mercury, and arsenic
C. Electrically neutral
F. None of the Above
Key Concepts
120. Many inorganic compounds are ionic compounds, consisting of ________________joined by
ionic bonding.
A. Myriad organic compounds
D. Cations and anions
B. Inorganic compounds
E. Electron affinity (anions)
C. Some metals
F. None of the Above
121. In any salt, the proportions of the ions are such that the electric charges cancel out, so that the
bulk compound is__________________.
A. A shiny crystal
D. A sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry
B. An inorganic salt
E. Electrically positive
C. Electrically neutral
F. None of the Above
122. The ions are described by their oxidation state and their ease of formation can be inferred from
the ionization potential (for cations) or from the electron affinity (anions) of the _______________.
A. Myriad organic compound
D. Ionic compound
B. Inorganic compound
E. Anions
C. Metal
F. None of the Above
26
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
123. Important classes of inorganic salts are the_____________, the sulfates and the halides.
A. Crystals
D. Sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry like
B. Oxides, the carbonates
E. Sulfites
C. Electrically neutral cations
F. None of the Above
124. Many inorganic compounds are characterized by high melting points. Inorganic salts typically
are poor conductors in the___________________.
A. Myriad
D. Ionic compound
B. Inorganic compound mixture
E. Solid state
C. Customer’s coffee
F. None of the Above
125. Another important feature is their solubility in water, e.g.,_____________. Where some salts
(e.g., NaCl) are very soluble in water, others (e.g., SiO2) are not.
A. And ease of crystallization
D. Sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry
B. Inorganic salts
E. Ionic compound
C. Electrically neutral
F. None of the Above
126. The simplest inorganic reaction is double displacement when in mixing of two salts the ions are
swapped without a change in oxidation state. In redox reactions one reactant, the oxidant, lowers its
______________________and another reactant, the reductant, has its oxidation state increased. The
net result is an exchange of electrons.
A. pH
D. Ionic count
B. Redox state
E. Electron affinity (anions)
C. Oxidation state
F. None of the Above
127.
________________can occur indirectly as well, e.g., in batteries, a key concept in
electrochemistry.
A. Crystallization
D. Electron exchange
B. Inorganic salts
E. Regeneration
C. Electrically neutral charges
F. None of the Above
128. When one reactant contains hydrogen atoms, a reaction can take place by exchanging protons
in acid-base chemistry. In a more general definition, an acid can be any chemical species capable of
binding to electron pairs is called a Lewis acid; conversely any molecule that tends to donate an
electron pair is referred to as a Lewis base. As a refinement of__________________, the HSAB
theory takes into account polarizability and size of ions.
A. Supramolecular coordination chemistry D. Grouping compounds by their structural similarities
B. Classical coordination compounds
E. Organometallic chemistry
C. Inorganic compounds
F. None of the Above
129. Inorganic compounds are found in nature as minerals. Soil may contain iron sulfide as pyrite or
________________________.
A. Often similar reactivity
D. Man-made inorganic compounds
B. Coordination complexes
E. Nature-made inorganic compounds
C. Classification of compounds
F. None of the Above
130. Inorganic compounds are also found multitasking as biomolecules: as electrolytes (sodium
chloride), in energy storage (ATP) or in construction (______________________).
A. Supramolecular coordination chemistry D. Grouping compounds by their structural similarities
B. Classical coordination compounds
E. Organometallic chemistry
C. Inorganic compounds
F. None of the Above
27
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
131. The first important ___________________ was ammonium nitrate for soil fertilization through
the Haber process. Inorganic compounds are synthesized for use as catalysts such as vanadium (V)
oxide and titanium (III) chloride, or as reagents in organic chemistry such as lithium aluminum
hydride.
A. Compound
D. Man-made inorganic compound
B. Complexed mineral
E. Nature-made inorganic compounds
C. Cation
F. None of the Above
132. Subdivisions of inorganic chemistry are organometallic chemistry, ________________and
bioinorganic chemistry. These fields are active areas of research in inorganic chemistry, aimed
toward new catalysts, superconductors, and therapies.
A. Supramolecular coordination chemistry D. Grouping compounds by their structural similarities
B. Classical coordination compounds
E. FUBAR chemistry
C. Cluster chemistry
F. None of the Above
Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry
133. Descriptive inorganic chemistry focuses on the
A. Classification of reactivity
B. Classification of coordination complexes
C. Classification of compounds
_____________ based on their properties.
D. Classification of inorganic compound
E. Classification of nature
F. None of the Above
134. Partly the classification focuses on the position in the periodic table of the heaviest element (the
element with the highest atomic weight) in the compound, partly by grouping compounds by their
___________.
A. Supramolecular similarities
D. Structural similarities
B. Classical coordination compounds
E. Organometallic chemistry similarities
C. Inorganic compounds similarities
F. None of the Above
135. When studying inorganic compounds, one often encounters parts of the different classes of
inorganic chemistry (an organometallic compound is characterized by its coordination chemistry, and
may show interesting_______________________________).
A. Often similar reactivity
D. Man-made inorganic compound
B. Coordination complexes
E. Solid state properties
C. Classification of compounds
F. None of the Above
Different classifications are:
Coordination Compounds
136. Classical coordination compounds feature metals bound to "lone pairs" of electrons residing on
the main group atoms of ligands such as H2O, NH3, Cl−, and CN−. In ______________almost all
organic and inorganic compounds can be used as ligands.
A. Supramolecular coordination chemistry D. Modern coordination compounds
B. Classical coordination compounds
E. Organometallic chemistry
C. Inorganic compounds
F. None of the Above
137. The "metal" usually is a metal from the groups 3-13, as well as the trans-lanthanides and transactinides, but from a certain perspective, all chemical compounds can be described as
_____________________.
A. Reactivity
D. Man-made inorganic compound
B. Coordination complexes
E. Small nuclear explosions
C. Classification of compounds
F. None of the Above
28
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
138. The stereochemistry of coordination complexes can be quite rich, as hinted at by Werner's
separation of two enantiomers of [Co((OH)2Co(NH3)4)3]6+, an early demonstration that chirality is not
inherent to organic compounds. A topical theme within this specialization is ______________.
A. Supramolecular coordination chemistry D. Bath tub chemistry
B. Classical coordination chemistry
E. Organometallic chemistry
C. Inorganic chemistry
F. None of the Above
Main Group Compounds
139. These species feature __________________from groups 1, 2 and 13-18 (excluding hydrogen)
of the periodic table. Due to their often similar reactivity, the elements in group 3 (Sc, Y, and La) and
group 12 (Zn, Cd, and Hg) are also generally included.
A. Often similar flavors
D. Man-made inorganic compounds
B. Coordination colors
E. Minerals
C. Elements
F. None of the Above
140. ______________________have been known since the beginnings of chemistry, e.g., elemental
sulfur and the distillable white phosphorus.
A. Main group compounds
D. Metal-metal bonded dimetallic complexes
B. Organometallic chemistry
E. Organic compounds
C. Organometallic compounds
F. None of the Above
141. Experiments on oxygen, O2, by Lavoisier and Priestley not only identified an important diatomic
gas, but opened the way for describing compounds and reactions according to________________.
A. Transition metals
D. Metal carbonyls
B. Diatomic gases
E. Transition metal compounds
C. Stoichiometric ratios
F. None of the Above
142. The discovery of a practical synthesis of ammonia using iron catalysts by Carl Bosch and Fritz
Haber in the early 1900s deeply impacted mankind, demonstrating the significance of
_________________.
A. Transition metal synthesis
D. Metal-metal synthesis
B. Organometallic chemistry synthesis
E. Inorganic chemical synthesis
C. Organometallic synthesis
F. None of the Above
143. Typical main group compounds are SiO2, SnCl4, and N2O. Many main group compounds can
also be classed as “_____________________”, as they contain organic groups, e.g., B(CH3)3).
A. Transition metals
D. Metal carbonyls and even metal alkoxides
B. An important diatomic gas
E. Transition metal compounds
C. Organometallic
F. None of the Above
144. Main group compounds also occur in nature, e.g., phosphate in DNA, and therefore may be
classed as bioinorganic. Conversely, organic compounds lacking (many) hydrogen ligands can be
classed as “______________”, such as the fullerenes, buckytubes and binary carbon oxides.
A. Transition metal compounds
D. Metal-metal bonded dimetallic complexes
B. Organometallic chemistry
E. Organic compounds
C. Organometallic compounds
F. None of the Above
Transition Metal Compounds
145. Compounds containing metals from group 4 to 11 are considered transition metal compounds.
Compounds with a metal from group 3 or 12 are sometimes also incorporated into this group, but also
often classified as_____________________.
A. Transition metal compounds
D. Carbonyls compounds
B. Main group compounds
E. Transition metal compounds
C. Organometallic compounds
F. None of the Above
29
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
146. Transition metal compounds show a rich coordination chemistry, varying from tetrahedral for
titanium (e.g., TiCl4) to square planar for some nickel complexes to octahedral for ______________of
cobalt.
A. Transition metal compounds
D. Metal-metal bonded dimetallic complexes
B. Organometallic complexes
E. Coordination complexes
C. Organometallic compounds
F. None of the Above
147. A range of _______________ can be found in biologically important compounds, such as iron in
hemoglobin.
A. Transition metals
D. Metal complexes
B. Complexes
E. Transition metal compounds
C. Organometallic complexes
F. None of the Above
Organometallic Compounds
148. Usually, organometallic compounds are considered to contain the M-C-H group. The metal (M)
in these species can either be a main group element or a___________________.
A. Transition metal compound
D. Metal-metal bonded dimetallic complex
B. Transition metal
E. Organic compound
C. Organometallic compound
F. None of the Above
149. Operationally, the definition of ______________________ is more relaxed to include also highly
lipophilic complexes such as metal carbonyls and even metal alkoxides.
A. Transition metals
D. Metal carbonyls and even metal alkoxides
B. An important diatomic gas
E. Transition metal compounds
C. An organometallic compound
F. None of the Above
150. Organometallic compounds are mainly considered a special category because organic ligands
are often sensitive to hydrolysis or oxidation, necessitating that _______________ employs more
specialized preparative methods than was traditional in Werner-type complexes.
A. Transition metal compounds
D. Metal-metal chemistry
B. Organometallic chemistry
E. Organic chemistry
C. Organometallic compounds
F. None of the Above
151. ______________________, especially the ability to manipulate complexes in solvents of low
coordinating power, enabled the exploration of very weakly coordinating ligands such as
hydrocarbons, H2, and N2. Because the ligands are petrochemicals in some sense, the area of
organometallic chemistry has greatly benefited from its relevance to industry.
A. Transition metals
D. Synthetic carbonyl and even metal alkoxides
B. Synthetic gas methodology
E. Transition metal compounds
C. Synthetic methodology
F. None of the Above
Cluster Compounds
152. Clusters can be found in all classes of____________. According to the commonly accepted
definition, a cluster consists minimally of a triangular set of atoms that are directly bonded to each
other. But metal-metal bonded dimetallic complexes are highly relevant to the area.
A. Transition metal compounds
D. Chemical compounds
B. Organometallic chemistry
E. Organic compounds
C. Organometallic compounds
F. None of the Above
153. Clusters occur in "pure"____________________, organometallic chemistry, main group
chemistry, and bioinorganic chemistry. The distinction between very large clusters and bulk solids is
increasingly blurred.
A. Transition metals
D. Metal carbonyls and even metal alkoxides
B. Inorganic systems
E. Transition metal compounds
C. Organometallic systems
F. None of the Above
30
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
154. This interface is the chemical basis of nanoscience or nanotechnology and specifically arise
from the study of quantum size effects in ______________________. Thus, large clusters can be
described as an array of bound atoms intermediate in character between a molecule and a solid.
A. Transition metal compounds
D. Metal-metal bonded dimetallic complexes
B. Organometallic chemistry
E. Organic compounds
C. Organometallic compounds
F. None of the Above
Bioinorganic Compounds
155. By definition, these compounds occur in nature, but the subfield includes anthropogenic
species, such as pollutants (e.g., methylmercury) and drugs (e.g., Cisplatin). The field, which
incorporates many aspects of biochemistry, includes many kinds of compounds, e.g., the phosphates
in DNA, and also metal complexes containing ligands that range from_________________,
commonly peptides, to ill-defined species such as humic acid, and to water (e.g., coordinated to
gadolinium complexes employed for MRI).
A. Crystallography
D. Theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry
B. Biological macromolecules
E. Molecular symmetry
C. Inter alia
F. None of the Above
156.
Traditionally bioinorganic chemistry focuses on electron- and energy-transfer in proteins
relevant to respiration. ______________________includes the study of both non-essential and
essential elements with applications to diagnosis and therapies.
A. Symmetry to spectroscopy
D. Medicinal inorganic chemistry
B. Theoretical calculations
E. Solid state chemistry
C. Qualitative approach
F. None of the Above
Solid State Compounds
157. This important area focuses on structure, bonding, and the physical properties of materials. In
practice, ______________________uses techniques such as crystallography to gain an
understanding of the properties that result from collective interactions between the subunits of the
solid.
A. Crystallography
D. Theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry
B. VSEPR theory
E. Molecular symmetry
C. Solid state inorganic chemistry F. None of the Above
158. Included in _______________ are metals and their alloys or intermetallic derivatives. Related
fields are condensed matter physics, mineralogy, and materials science.
A. Symmetry to spectroscopy
D. Precise quantum mechanical descriptions
B. Theoretical calculations
E. Solid state chemistry
C. Qualitative approach
F. None of the Above
Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry
159. An alternative perspective on the area of inorganic chemistry begins with the _______________
and, using the tools and models of theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry, expands into
bonding in simple and then more complex molecules.
A. Crystallography
D. Theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry
B. VSEPR theory
E. Molecular symmetry
C. Bohr model of the atom F. None of the Above
160. Precise ________________________, the province of inorganic chemistry, is difficult. This
challenge has spawned many semi-quantitative or semi-empirical approaches including molecular
orbital theory and ligand field theory, In parallel with these theoretical descriptions, approximate
methodologies are employed, including density functional theory.
A. Symmetry
D. Quantum mechanical descriptions
B. Theoretical calculations E. Solid state chemistry
C. Qualitative approaches F. None of the Above
31
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Qualitative Theories
161. Inorganic chemistry has greatly benefited from qualitative theories. Such theories are easier to
learn as they require little background in quantum theory. Within main group compounds,
___________________ powerfully predicts, or at least rationalizes, the structures of main group
compounds, such as an explanation for why NH3 is pyramidal whereas ClF3 is T-shaped.
A. Crystallography theory D. Theoretical chemistry theory
B. VSEPR theory
E. Molecular symmetry theory
C. Inter alia theory
F. None of the Above
162. For the transition metals, __________________allows one to understand the magnetism of
many simple complexes, such as why [FeIII(CN)6]3− has only one unpaired electron, whereas
[FeIII(H2O)6]3+ has five. A particularly powerful qualitative approach to assessing the structure and
reactivity begins with classifying molecules according to electron counting, focusing on the numbers
of valence electrons, usually at the central atom in a molecule.
A. Spectroscopy theory
D. Crystal field theory
B. Theoretical calculation theory
E. Solid state chemistry
C. Qualitative theory
F. None of the Above
Molecular Symmetry Group Theory
163. A central construct in inorganic chemistry is the theory of _____________________.
A. Crystallography theory D. Theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry
B. VSEPR theory
E. Molecular symmetry
C. Inter alia theory
F. None of the Above
164. ___________________provides the language to describe the shapes of molecules according to
their point group symmetry. Group theory also enables factoring and simplification of theoretical
calculations.
A. Mathematical group theory
D. Evolutionary theory
B. Theoretical theory
E. Solid theory
C. Qualitative approach
F. None of the Above
165. Spectroscopic features are analyzed and described with respect to the symmetry properties of
the, ____________, vibrational or electronic states. Knowledge of the symmetry properties of the
ground and excited states allows one to predict the numbers and intensities of absorptions in
vibrational and electronic spectra.
A. Crystallography
D. Computational chemistry
B. VSEPR theory
E. Molecular symmetry
C. Inter alia
F. None of the Above
166. A ___________________ is the prediction of the number of C-O vibrations in substituted metal
carbonyl complexes. The most common applications of symmetry to spectroscopy involve vibrational
and electronic spectra.
A. Symmetry to spectroscopy
D. Precise quantum mechanical description
B. Theoretical calculation
E. Solid state chemistry
C. Qualitative approach
F. None of the Above
167. As an instructional tool, ___________________highlights commonalities and differences in the
bonding of otherwise disparate species, such as WF6 and Mo(CO)6 or CO2 and NO2.
A. Group theory
D. Precise quantum mechanical description
B. Theoretical calculation E. Solid state chemistry
C. Qualitative approach
F. None of the Above
32
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry
168. Although some _______________ can be obtained in pure form from nature, most are
synthesized in chemical plants and in the laboratory.
A. Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
D. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)
B. Species
E. Inorganic species
C. Organisms
F. None of the Above
169. Inorganic synthetic methods can be classified roughly according the volatility or solubility of the
component reactants. ______________ are prepared using methods of organic synthesis. For metalcontaining compounds that are reactive toward air, Schlenk line and glove box techniques are
followed.
A. Soluble inorganic compounds
D. Carcinogens
B. Methemoglobinemia
E. Chemicals
C. Products and reactants
F. None of the Above
170. _________________are manipulated in “vacuum manifolds” consisting of glass piping
interconnected through valves, the entirety of which can be evacuated to 0.001 mm Hg or less.
A. Maximum corrections
D. Maximum odors
B. Chain of custody procedures
E. Inorganic species
C. Volatile compounds and gases F. None of the Above
171. ______________are condensed using liquid nitrogen (b.p. 78K) or other cryogens. Solids are
typically prepared using tube furnaces, the reactants and products being sealed in containers.
A. Compounds
D. Carcinogens
B. Methemoglobinemia
E. Chemicals
C. Products and reactants
F. None of the Above
Regulated Chemical Contaminants
172. EPA established Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL), _________________, monitoring
requirements and best available technologies for removal for 65 chemical contaminants over a five
year period as EPA gathered and analyzed occurrence and health effects data.
A. Minimum Contaminant Level (MCL)
D. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)
B. Chain of custody procedures
E. Inorganic species
C. ACLs
F. None of the Above
173. This series of rules are known as the Chemical Phase Rules and they define regulations for
three contaminant groups:___________, Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOC), and Volatile Organic
Chemicals (VOC).
A. Inorganic Chemicals (IOC)
D. Carcinogens
B. IOUs and UFOs
E. Chemical Phase Rules
C. Products and reactants
F. None of the Above
174. ________________provide public health protection through the reduction of chronic risks from:
cancer; organ damage; and circulatory, nervous, and reproductive system disorders.
A. Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
D. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)
B. Chain of custody procedures
E. Evolved species
C. The Chemical Phase rules
F. None of the Above
175. They also help to reduce the occurrence of ________________ or "blue baby syndrome" from
ingestion of elevated levels of nitrate or nitrite. All public water systems must monitor for Nitrate and
Nitrite.
A. Aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, and aldicarb sulfoxide D. Carcinogens
B. Methemoglobinemia
E. SMURF chemicals
C. Products and reactants
F. None of the Above
33
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
176. ________________ must also monitor for IOCs, SOCs, and VOCs.
A. Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
D. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)
B. Chain of custody procedures
E. Small systems
C. All systems
F. None of the Above
177. Aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, and aldicarb sulfoxide are considered regulated chemicals although
their ______________ are stayed. Therefore PWS are not required to meet an MCL.
A. MCLs
D. Carcinogen Rule
B. CMOMs
E. Chemical Phase Rules
C. Products and reactants F. None of the Above
178. For each contaminant, EPA set a health goal, or ______________. This is the level at which a
person could drink two liters of water containing the contaminant every day for 70 years without
suffering any ill effects. This goal is not a legal limit with which water systems must comply; it is based
solely on human health.
A. Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
D. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)
B. Procedures
E. A legal rule or sometimes a theory
C. Field goal
F. None of the Above
179. For known cancer-causing agents (_______________), EPA set the health goal at zero, under
the assumption that any exposure to the chemical could present a cancer risk.
A. Sulfoxides
D. Carcinogens
B. Methemoglobinemia
E. Chemicals
C. Reactants
F. None of the Above
180. The rules also set a legal limit, or Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), for each contaminant.
EPA sets ________________as close to the health goal as possible, keeping in mind the technical
and financial barriers that exist.
A. Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
D. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG)
B. Procedures
E. Inorganic species
C. Legal limits
F. None of the Above
181. Except for contaminants regulated as _______________, most legal limits and health goals are
the same. Even when they are less strict than the health goals, the legal limits provide substantial
public health protection.
A. Contaminants
D. Carcinogens
B. Pollutants
E. Chemicals
C. Products and reactants F. None of the Above
Chain of Custody Procedures
182. Because a sample is physical evidence, ______________________are used to maintain and
document sample possession from the time the sample is collected until it is introduced as evidence.
Chain of custody requirements will vary from agency to agency. However, these procedures are
similar and the chain of custody outlined in this manual is only a guideline. Consult your project
manager for specific requirements.
A. Samples
D. Chain of custody procedures
B. Seal
E. Chain of custody record
C. Evidence tape F. None of the Above
34
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
183. If you have ______________ of a sample, have it in view, or have physically secured it to
prevent tampering then it is defined as being in “custody." A chain of custody record, therefore,
begins when the sample containers are obtained from the laboratory. From this point on, a chain of
custody record will accompany the sample containers.
A. Physical possession
D. Physical evidence
B. A taste
E. Chain of custody record
C. Evidence tape
F. None of the Above
184. Handle the samples as little as possible in the field. Each custody sample requires a chain of
custody record and may require_____________. If you do not seal individual samples, then seal the
containers in which the samples are shipped.
A. A sample
D. Physical evidence
B. A seal
E. A chain of custody record
C. Evidence tape F. None of the Above
185. When the samples transfer possession, both parties involved in the transfer must sign, date and
note the time on the chain of custody record. If a shipper refuses to sign the chain-of-custody you
must seal the samples and _______________ inside a box or cooler with bottle seals or evidence
tape.
A. Chain of custody documents
D. Physical evidence
B. Seal
E. Chain of custody record
C. Squirrel
F. None of the Above
186. The recipient will then attach the shipping invoices showing the transfer dates and times to the
custody sheets. If the samples are split and sent to more than one laboratory, prepare a separate
______________________ for each sample.
A. Sample score sheet
D. Physical evidence of the original tap
B. Seal
E. Chain of custody record
C. Evidence report
F. None of the Above
187. If the samples are delivered to after-hours night drop-off boxes, the ___________should note
such a transfer and be locked with the sealed samples inside sealed boxes.
A. Sample taste record
D. Physical evidence
B. Custody record
E. Chain of custody record
C. Evidence record
F. None of the Above
Wastewater Priory Pollutants Section
Wastewater/Pretreatment Sampling General Information
188. In accordance with the Clean Water Act and_____________ , the POTW conducts a
variety of sampling activities which must be closely coordinated.
A. General Pretreatment Program Regulations
D. Priority Pollutants within
B. Each site user and
E. Characteristics of the wastes
C. All industrial users and
F. None of the Above
Permit Application Policy Example
189. All industrial users that require a permit must be sampled to determine the characteristics
of the ________________ to be discharged into the POTW’s sewer system.
A. SROG
D. Priority Pollutants
B. Local limits
E. Wastes
C. Outer limits
F. None of the Above
35
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
190. Prior to the issuance of a permit for existing industrial users, the POTW samples the user's
effluent, and performs the analyses required by the applicable discharge standards (i.e.,
Categorical standards or_______________________).
A. Taste test
D. Priority Pollutants
B. Local limits
E. Characteristics of the wastes
C. SDWA
F. None of the Above
191. For new industrial users, estimates of the ______________ to be discharged into the
POTW’s sewer system must be submitted along with the permit application.
A. Wastes
D. Priority Pollutants
B. CWA
E. Characteristics of the wastes
C. Odor
F. None of the Above
192. No sampling would be performed at these new facilities, since they do not presently
discharge wastes into the____________________.
A. POTWs
D. Priority system
B. Sewer system E. Interceptor
C. CMOM
F. None of the Above
193. A four-day sampling program is usually conducted at ____________ to collect both
composite and grab (for pollutants not amenable to composite sampling) samples as needed.
A. POTWs
D. The interceptor
B. Each site
E. The manhole
C. All industrial users
F. None of the Above
Wastewater Priory Pollutants
194. The concentrations of various substances in __________in dissolved, colloidal or suspended
form are typically low but vary considerably.
A. POTWs
D. Priority Pollutants
B. These 126 pollutants
E. Water
C. New industrial users
F. None of the Above
195. Priority Pollutants refer to a list of 126 specific pollutants that includes heavy metals and specific
organic chemicals. The priority pollutants are a subset of "_______________ " as defined in the
Clean Water Act (USA).
A. POTWs
D. Priority Pollutants
B. Toxic pollutants
E. Safe contaminants
C. Friendly pollutants
F. None of the Above
196. _________________ were assigned a high priority for development of water quality criteria and
effluent limitation guidelines because they are frequently found in wastewater.
A. POTW managers
D. Priority Pollutants
B. These 126 pollutants
E. The concentrations of various substances
C. Safe contaminants
F. None of the Above
197. ______________with an approved pretreatment program must develop local limits for arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc or demonstrate that limits
are not necessary for these pollutants.
A. Each POTW
D. Priority pollutant producers
B. Each city
E. Home owners
C. All industrial users
F. None of the Above
36
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
198. The POTW must also identify all _________________and evaluate the need for limits for these
pollutants.
A. Other pollutants of concern
D. Priority Pollutants
B. 126 pollutants
E. Concentrations of various substances
C. New industrial users
F. None of the Above
199. _______________ is defined as any pollutant limited in the POTW's NPDES permit or found in
the collection system in sufficient quantity to have a reasonable potential to cause pass through or
interference at the treatment plant, pose a threat to worker health and safety, or to cause other
problems within the collection system or at the treatment plant, such as explosions or obstruction of
wastewater flow.
A. A pollutants of concern D. Priority Pollutants
B. 126 pollutants
E. Concentrations of various substances
C. New industrial users
F. None of the Above
200. The priority pollutant scans performed periodically by POTWs with approved pretreatment
programs are useful in identifying___________________.
A. Pollutants of concern
D. Priority Pollutants
B. These 126 pollutants
E. The concentrations of various substances
C. New industrial users
F. None of the Above
201. POTWs with multiple plants may wish to develop ____________for each plant or after
calculating the limits for each plant choose the most stringent as uniform local limits across all plants.
A. Local limits
D. Priority Pollutants
B. Headworks
E. Characteristics of the wastes
C. Industrial users
F. None of the Above
202. Local limits are most often associated with the control of toxic pollutants. However, if a POTW
has experienced violations of their _______________(such as BOD, TSS, ammonia, phosphorus, or
oil and grease), or has experienced operational problems due to these pollutants, the POTW should
investigate the need for local limits for conventional pollutants as well.
A. POTWs
D. NPDES permit effluent limits for conventional pollutants
B. Surcharge programs
E. Local limits
C. Industrial users
F. None of the Above
203. Many POTWs have surcharge programs for________________. A surcharge program should
not be confused with local limits for these pollutants.
A. POTWs
D. Priority Pollutants
B. Conventional pollutants E. Local limits
C. All industrial users
F. None of the Above
204. In addition to a surcharge program, which is generally triggered by specific pollutant
concentrations, a POTW should set absolute upper limits for __________________in its sewer use
ordinance (SUO) or industrial user (IU) permits, based on total plant capacity.
A. Conventional pollutants
D. Priority Pollutants
B. Surcharge programs
E. Local limits
C. All industrial users
F. None of the Above
205. Nutrients: Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are substances that are excreted by humans and
thus found in wastewater. ___________________can stimulate the growth of algae and other aquatic
plants.
A. Excess nutrients
D. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
B. Industrial discharges
E. Agricultural runoff
C. Heavy Metal
F. None of the Above
37
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
206. When these plants die and decompose, they may reduce the amount of _______________ in
the water. This condition, called hypoxia, can affect the survival of fish and other aquatic organisms.
A. Nutrients
D. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
B. Oxygen
E. Agricultural runoff
C. Heavy Metal
F. None of the Above
207. _______________ can also get into wastewater from industrial discharges, common household
detergents and cleaners, runoff from streets and lawns and air pollutants that fall to the ground.
A. Nutrients
D. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
B. Industrial discharges
E. Agricultural runoff
C. Heavy Metal
F. None of the Above
208. Treatment plants cannot remove all _________________ from the wastewater. They can be
reduced by controlling pollution that comes from lawns, farmland, streets and construction sites.
A. Nutrients
D. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
B. Industrial discharges
E. Agricultural runoff
C. Heavy Metal
F. None of the Above
209. Many of the heavy metals, pesticides, and other chemicals listed here are on the priority
pollutant list: Heavy Metals (Total and Dissolved): "Heavy Metal" in the water treatment field refers to
heavy, dense, ______________________that occur only at trace levels in water, but are very toxic
and tend to accumulate. Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead in industry or in households, Mercury
and Zinc
A. Nutrients
D. Metallic elements
B. Industrial discharges
E. Agricultural runoff
C. Heavy Metal
F. None of the Above
210. Pesticides: Pesticides comprise a large class of compounds of concern. _________________
include DDT, Aldrin, Chlordane, Endosulfan, Endrin, Heptachlor, and Diazinon. Surprisingly,
concentrations of pesticides in urban runoff may be equal or greater than the pesticides in agricultural
runoff.
A. Nutrients
D. Typical pesticides and herbicides
B. Industrial discharges
E. Agricultural runoff
C. Heavy Metal
F. None of the Above
211. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons include a family
of semi-volatile organic pollutants such as naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene.
There are typically two main sources of_______________________: spilled or released petroleum
products (from oil spills or discharge of oil production brines) and combustion products that are found
in urban runoff.
A. PAHs
D. Open-ended groups of pollutants
B. Priority Pollutants
E. Inorganics
C. Chemical standards
F. None of the Above
212. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Polychlorinated biphenyls are __________________that
formerly had widespread use in electrical transformers and hydraulic equipment. This class of
chemicals is extremely persistent in the environment and has been proven to bioconcentrate in the
food chain, thereby leading to environmental and human health concerns in areas such as the Great
Lakes.
A. Appropriate for organics
D. Toxic pollutants
B. Preservatives
E. Environmental and human health concerns
C. Organic chemicals
F. None of the Above
38
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
213. Key features of the list of priority pollutants and its relationship to the list of toxic pollutants:
The Priority Pollutants are a set of _____________EPA regulates, and for which EPA has published
analytical test methods.
A. Combustion products
D. Open-ended groups of pollutants
B. Chemical pollutants
E. Sampling requirements for inorganics
C. Chemical standards
F. None of the Above
214. The Priority Pollutant list makes the list of toxic pollutants more usable, in a practical way, for
the purposes assigned to EPA by the Clean Water Act. For example, the ________________list is
more practical for testing and for regulation in that chemicals are described by their individual
chemical names.
A. Organics
D. List of toxic pollutants more usable
B. Preservatives
E. Environmental and human health concerns
C. Priority Pollutant
F. None of the Above
215. ___________________, in contrast, contains open-ended groups of pollutants, such as
"chlorinated benzenes." That group contains hundreds of compounds; there is no test for the group
as a whole, nor is it practical to regulate or test for all of these compounds.
A. Combustion products
D. Open-ended groups of pollutants
B. Priority Pollutants
E. The list of toxic pollutants
C. Chemical standard
F. None of the Above
Derivation
216. Starting with the________________, EPA used four criteria to select and prioritize specific
pollutants: We included all pollutants specifically named on the list of toxic pollutants;
A. List of toxic pollutants
D. List of toxic pollutants more usable
B. Preservatives
E. Environmental and human health concerns
C. Most common preservatives
F. None of the Above
217. There had to be a ________________available for the pollutant, so that testing for the pollutant
could be performed;
A. Chemical standard
D. List of toxic pollutants more usable
B. Preservative
E. Environmental and human health concerns
C. The most common preservatives
F. None of the Above
218. The _________________had to have been reported as found in water with a frequency of
occurrence of at least 2.5%,
A. Combustion product
D. Pollutant
B. Priority Pollutant
E. Sample
C. Chemical standard
F. None of the Above
Proper Sample Handling
219. The proper handling of ____________________also includes wearing gloves. Gloves not
only protect field personnel, but also prevent potential contamination to the water sample.
Always wear powderless, disposable gloves. When sampling for inorganics, wear latex gloves.
Nitrile gloves are appropriate for organics.
A. Containers and preservatives
D. Pre-preserved bottles
B. Water quality samples
E. Samples in the shade
C. The most common preservatives
F. None of the Above
39
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
220. Use chain-of-custody procedures when coolers and containers are prepared, sealed and
shipped. They will remain sealed until used in the field. When making arrangements with the
laboratory, make sure you request enough containers, including those for________________.
Order extra sample bottles to allow for breakage or contamination in the field.
A. Combustion products
D. Open-ended groups of pollutants
B. Priority Pollutants
E. Sampling for inorganics
C. Blank and duplicate samples
F. None of the Above
221. Some samples require ________________and/or preservation with chemicals to maintain
their integrity during shipment and before analysis in the laboratory.
A. Containers and preservatives
D. Pre-preserved bottles
B. Low-temperature storage
E. Samples in the shade
C. The most common preservatives
F. None of the Above
222. The most common _________________ are hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric and ascorbic
acids, sodium hydroxide, sodium thiosulfate, and biocides.
A. Containers and preservatives
D. Pre-preserved bottles
B. Low-temperature storage
E. Samples
C. Preservatives
F. None of the Above
223. Many laboratories provide pre-preserved bottles filled with measured amounts of
preservatives. Although most federal and state agencies allow the use of _______________,
some may require either cool temperatures or added preservatives in the field.
A. Appropriate for organics
D. List of toxic pollutants more usable
B. Preservatives
E. Environmental and human health concerns
C. Pre-preserved sample containers
F. None of the Above
224. When the ___________________are received from the laboratory, check to see that
none have leaked.
A. Containers and preservatives
D. Pre-preserved bottles
B. Paperwork
E. Donuts
C. Most common preservatives
F. None of the Above
225. Be aware that many ____________ can burn eyes and skin, and must be handled
carefully.
A. Containers and preservatives
D. Pre-preserved bottles
B. Insects
E. Samples
C. Preservatives
F. None of the Above
226. Sampling bottles should be labeled with type of preservative used, type of analysis to be
done and be accompanied by a __________________.
A. Certified operator
D. List of toxic pollutants
B. Preservatives
E. Environmental and human health concerns
C. Report
F. None of the Above
227. Make sure you can tell which containers are_________________, because extra care
must be taken not to overfill them when collecting samples in the field. Check with the
laboratory about quality control procedures when using pre-preserved bottles.
A. Invisible
D. Plastic
B. Low-temperature
E. Used
C. Pre-preserved
F. None of the Above
40
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
228. Coolers used for sample shipment must be large enough to store containers, packing
materials and ice. Obtain extra coolers, if necessary. Never store coolers and containers near
solvents, fuels or other sources of _________________. In warm weather, keep coolers and
samples in the shade.
A. Contamination or combustion
D. Promulgated by the U.S. EPA in 1992
B. Mix surface and ground water
E. A one-time inorganic chemical analysis
C. Gross alpha activity
F. None of the Above
Field Parameters
229. Measure and record the _________________of temperature, electrical conductivity, pH
and dissolved oxygen in an undisturbed section of streamflow. Other parameters may be
measured, if desired.
A. Process
D. Grab samples
B. Optimal effects
E. Field parameters
C. Current
F. None of the Above
Chemical Monitoring
230. The final federal rules regarding Phase II and V contaminants were promulgated by the U.S.
EPA in 1992 and initial monitoring began in January 1993. This group of contaminants consists of
Inorganic Chemicals (IOC), Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) and Synthetic Organic Chemicals
(SOC) and the rule applies to all ___________________________________.
A. Contamination
D. Promulgated by the U.S. EPA in 1992
B. Mix surface and ground water
E. A one-time inorganic chemical analysis
C. Gross alpha activity
F. None of the Above
Inorganic Chemical Monitoring
231. All systems must monitor for inorganics. The monitoring for these contaminants is also complex
with reductions, waivers and detections affecting the sampling frequency. Please refer to the _______
provided by your state health or drinking water sections for assistance in determining individual
requirements.
A. Drinking water treatment process
D. EPA book
B. Manual
E. EPA rule
C. List
F. None of the Above
232. All transient non-community water systems are required to complete a one-time inorganic
chemical analysis. The sample is to be collected at__________ to the distribution system
representative of each source after any application of treatment.
A. Contamination sources
D. Entry points (POE)
B. Areas of surface and ground water
E. Water main breaks
C. Signs of gross alpha activity
F. None of the Above
Nitrates
233. Nitrate is an inorganic chemical that occurs naturally in some groundwater but most often is
introduced into ground and surface waters by man. The most common sources are from fertilizers
and treated sewage or septic systems. At high levels (over 10 mg/l) it can cause the “blue baby”
syndrome in young infants, which can lead to serious illness and even death. It is regarded as an
“______________________” because it can quickly cause illness.
A. Drinking water treatment health risk
D. Chronic health risk
B. Optimal health risk
E. Acute health risk
C. A surface water system health risk
F. None of the Above
41
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
234. Every water system must test for Nitrate at least yearly. Systems that use ____________must
test yearly. Systems that use surface water and those that mix surface and ground water must test
every quarter.
A. Contamination
D. Water
B. Mix surface and ground water
E. A one-time inorganic chemical analysis
C. Ground water only
F. None of the Above
235. ____________________may go to yearly testing if community and nontransient noncommunity
water must do quarterly monitoring whenever they exceed 5 mg/l in a test. After 4 quarters of testing
and the results show that the nitrate level is not going up, they may go back to yearly testing.
A. Drinking water treatment process
D. Some groundwater
B. Mix surface and ground water
E. All systems
C. A surface water system
F. None of the Above
Radiological Contaminants
236. All community water systems shall monitor for gross alpha activity every four years for each
source. Depending on your state rules, compliance will be based on the annual composite of 4
consecutive quarters or__________________. If the average annual concentration is less than one
half the MCL, an analysis of a single sample may be substituted for the quarterly sampling procedure.
A. Sample instructions
D. Laboratory performance requirements
B. Established action levels
E. Average annual concentration
C. Minimum aeration
F. None of the Above
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
237. All community water systems serving a population of 10,000 or more and which add a
disinfectant in any part of the drinking water treatment process shall monitor for total trihalomethanes
(TTHM). The MCL is 0.1 mg/l and consists of a calculation of ______________________of the
concentrations of bromodichloromethane, di-bromochloromethane, bromoform and chloroform.
A. The drinking water treatment process
D. Some groundwater
B. Optimal corrosion control
E. The running average of quarterly analyses of the sum
C. Surface water system
F. None of the Above
Lead and Copper Rule
238. The Lead and Copper Rule was promulgated by the U.S. EPA on June 7, 1991, with monitoring
to begin in January 1992 for larger water systems. This rule applies to all community and
nontransient, noncommunity water systems and _______________for these two contaminants at the
consumer’s tap. Action levels of 0.015 mg/l for lead and 1.3 mg/l for copper have been established.
A. Sample instructions
D. Laboratory performance requirements
B. Establishes action levels
E. Average annual concentration
C. Establishes MCL levels
F. None of the Above
239. This rule establishes maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) for lead and copper, treatment
technique requirements for optimal corrosion control, _______________, public education and lead
service line replacement.
A. Drinking water treatment process
D. Some groundwater
B. Source water treatment
E. All systems
C. A surface water system
F. None of the Above
240. Whenever_______________, the corrosion control treatment requirement is triggered. This is
determined by the concentration measured in the 90th percentile highest sample from the samples
collected at consumers’ taps.
A. Sample instructions
D. Laboratory performance requirements are exceeded
B. Establishes action levels
E. The action level for the system
C. An action level is exceeded
F. None of the Above
42
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
241. Sample results are assembled in ascending order (lowest to highest) with the result at the 90th
percentile being the action level for the system. For example, if a water system collected 20 samples,
the result of the 18th highest sample would be_______________________.
A. Sample instructions
D. Laboratory performance requirements are exceeded
B. Establishes action levels
E. The action level for the system
C. An action level is exceeded
F. None of the Above
242. The rule also includes the best available technology (BAT) for complying with the treatment
technique requirements, mandatory health effects language for public notification of violations and
analytical methods and ________________________.
A. Sample instructions
D. Laboratory performance requirements
B. Establishes action levels
E. The action level for the system
C. An action level is exceeded
F. None of the Above
IOC Sample Collection – Things to Remember
243. Sample instructions should be supplied with the sample containers from the laboratory. If the
laboratory fails to include sample instructions, contact the laboratory and____________.
A. Collect samples
D. Do not change the flow
B. Run
E. Maintain chemical analysis reports
C. Request sample instructions
F. None of the Above
Some general practices to remember:
244. Samples should be collected at _________________after all treatment (finished water).
A. Homes
D. The entry point to the distribution system
B. SNAFU
E. At water storage tanks
C. Sample locations
F. None of the Above
245. Select a sampling faucet that does NOT have an aerator (sampling must be done with
_______________.
A. Sample instructions
D. Laboratory performance requirements
B. Proper action levels
E. Average flow
C. Minimum aeration
F. None of the Above
246. ____________ the water until the temperature is as cold as it gets.
A. Collect
D. Do not change the flow of
B. Run
E. Maintain
C. Sample
F. None of the Above
247. Just before sample collection,______________________. Do not change the flow while
collecting the sample.
A. Adjust to a very mediocre flow
D. Do not taste
B. Adjust to a very low flow
E. Maintain a drip
C. Sample and seal with your tongue
F. None of the Above
248. Routine nitrate and nitrite samples should be collected on a__________________.
A. Monday or a Tuesday
D. Chance of weather
B. Wednesday
E. Saturday or Thursday
C. Sunday or Friday
F. None of the Above
249. When filling sample bottle, tip bottle slightly so that water flows down the side wall of the
container. Bring bottle to __________________as it fills.
A. Wash out that powder D. Not change the flow
B. An upright position
E. Maintain position
C. An side position
F. None of the Above
43
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
250. Call the laboratory if bottles are received broken (or break while collecting samples).
The owner or operator of a water supply must maintain chemical analysis reports (results) or a
summary of those reports for at least______________.
A. 5 years
D. 7 years
B. 10 years
E. 50 years
C. 3 years
F. None of the Above
Antimony - Inorganic Contaminant 0.006 mg/L MCL
Metalloid
251. Antimony is a toxic chemical element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray
metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the____________________________.
A. Contaminant
D. Subsequent element
B. Analytical element
E. Stibnite with iron
C. Sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3) F. None of the Above
252. ___________________have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics;
metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead. It was established to be
an element around the 17th century.
A. Gray allotrope of arsenic
D. Metallic antimony
B. Four allotropes
E. Antimony compounds
C. Nitrogen group (group 15)
F. None of the Above
253. For some time, China has been the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most
production coming from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan. The industrial methods to produce antimony
are roasting and subsequent carbothermal reduction or direct reduction of_____________________.
A. Sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3)
D. Heat
B. Copper
E. Lead
C. Stibnite with iron
F. None of the Above
What are EPA's drinking water regulations for antimony?
254. In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine the
level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur.
These______________ , based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with an
adequate margin of safety, are called maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG).
A. Grey areas are
D. Non-enforceable health goals
B. Enforceable health goals
E. Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
C. Nitrogen group contaminants
F. None of the Above
255. Contaminants are _________________ or matter in water.
A. Contaminants
D. Organic and inorganic
B. Analytical problems
E. Prominent additives
C. Commonly found
F. None of the Above
256. The MCLG for antimony is 0.006 mg/L or 6 ppb. EPA has set this level of protection based on
the best available science to prevent potential health problems. EPA has set an enforceable
regulation for antimony, called a ________________, at 0.006 mg/L or 6 ppb.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCL
E. EPA
C. CWA
F. None of the Above
44
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
257. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible, considering cost, benefits and the ability
of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies. In
this case, the MCL equals the ____________________, because analytical methods or treatment
technology do not pose any limitation.
A. MCLG
D. Goal
B. MCLs
E. EPA
C. Weight or law
F. None of the Above
258. The Phase V Rule, the regulation for antimony, became effective in 1994. The Safe Drinking
Water Act requires __________________ to periodically review the national primary drinking water
regulation for each contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate.
A. OSHA
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCLs
E. EPA
C. States
F. None of the Above
259. _______________ reviewed antimony as part of the Six Year Review and determined that the
0.006 mg/L or 6 ppb MCLG and 0.006 mg/L or 6 ppb MCL for antimony are still protective of human
health.
A. OSHA
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCLs
E. EPA
C. States
F. None of the Above
Applications
260. The largest applications for metallic antimony are as alloying material for lead and tin and for
lead antimony plates in lead-acid batteries. _____________ with antimony improves the properties of
the alloys which are used in solders, bullets and plain bearings.
A. Gray allotrope of arsenic
D. Metallic antimony
B. Four allotropes
E. Alloying lead and tin
C. Nitrogen group (group 15)
F. None of the Above
261. ______________are prominent additives for chlorine- and bromine-containing fire retardants
found in many commercial and domestic products. An emerging application is the use of antimony in
microelectronics.
A. Contaminants
D. Metallic antimony
B. Gray allotrope of arsenic
E. Prominent additives
C. Antimony compounds
F. None of the Above
262. Antimony is in the nitrogen group (group 15) and has an electronegativity of 2.05. As expected
by periodic trends, it is__________________ , and less electronegative than tellurium or arsenic.
A. A gray allotrope of arsenic
D. A metallic antimony
B. Has four allotropes
E. More electronegative than tin or bismuth
C. In the Nitrogen group
F. None of the Above
263. Antimony is stable in air at room temperature, but reacts with oxygen if heated to form antimony
trioxide, Sb2O3. Antimony is a silvery, lustrous gray metal that has a Mohs scale hardness of 3.
Therefore, pure antimony is______________________________: coins made of antimony were
issued in China's Guizhou province in 1931, but because of their rapid wear, their minting was
discontinued. Antimony is resistant to attack by acids.
A. High chemical reactivity
D. A metallic antimony
B. Analytical methods
E. Not used to make hard objects
C. High chemical reactivity
F. None of the Above
45
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
264. Four allotropes of antimony are known, a stable metallic form and_______________, explosive,
black and yellow.
A. Gray
D. Liquid
B. Three metastable forms
E. Its high chemical reactivity
C. In the Nitrogen group
F. None of the Above
265. Metallic antimony is a brittle, silver-white shiny metal. When molten antimony is slowly cooled,
metallic antimony crystallizes_________________ , isomorphic with that of the gray allotrope of
arsenic.
A. In a trigonal cell
D. Metallic
B. Four allotropes
E. Its high chemical reactivity
C. Nitrogen group (group 15)
F. None of the Above
266. A rare explosive form of antimony can be formed from the electrolysis of antimony (III)
trichloride. When scratched with a sharp implement, an exothermic reaction occurs and white fumes
are given off as metallic antimony is formed; when rubbed with a pestle in a mortar,
________________.
A. A strong detonation occurs
D. An exothermic reaction occurs
B. Safe detonation occurs
E. Its high chemical reactivity
C. Double-layer
F. None of the Above
267. Black antimony is formed upon rapid cooling of vapor derived from metallic antimony. It has the
same crystal structure as red phosphorus and black arsenic; it oxidizes in air and may ignite
spontaneously. At 100 °C, it gradually transforms into the stable form. The yellow allotrope of
antimony is the most unstable. It has only been generated by oxidation of stibine (SbH 3) at −90 °C.
Above this temperature and in ambient light, this metastable allotrope transforms____________.
A. Hardness and resistance to corrosion
D. An exothermic reaction occurs
B. Into the more stable black allotrope
E. Its high chemical reactivity
C. Double-layer
F. None of the Above
268. Metallic antimony adopts a layered structure (space group R3m No. 166) in which layers consist
of fused ruffled six-membered rings. The nearest and next-nearest neighbors form a distorted
octahedral complex, with the three atoms in the same double-layer being slightly closer than the three
atoms in the next. This relatively close packing leads to a high density of 6.697 g/cm 3, but the weak
bonding between the layers leads to the____________________.
A. Hardness and resistance to corrosion
D. Low hardness and brittleness of antimony
B. Safety
E. Its high chemical reactivity
C. Double-layer
F. None of the Above
Asbestos - Inorganic Contaminant 7 MFL
269. The MCLG for asbestos is 7________________. EPA has set this level of protection based on
the best available science to prevent potential health problems.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCLs
E. EPA
C. MFL
F. None of the Above
270. EPA has set an enforceable regulation for asbestos, called a maximum contaminant level
(MCL), at 7 MFL. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible, considering cost, benefits
and the ability of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment
technologies. In this case, the_______________, because analytical methods or treatment
technology do not pose any limitation.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCL equals the MCLG E. EPA
C. MFL
F. None of the Above
46
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
271. The Phase II Rule, the regulation for asbestos, became effective in 1992. The Safe Drinking
Water Act requires EPA to periodically review the national primary drinking water regulation for each
contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed asbestos as part of the Six Year
Review and determined that the 7 MFL MCLG and ____________ for asbestos are still protective of
human health.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCL equals the MCLG E. 7 MFL MCL
C. MFL
F. None of the Above
Barium - Inorganic Contaminant 2 mg/L MCL
272. In 1974, Congress passed the________________ . This law requires EPA to determine the
level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These
non-enforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with
an adequate margin of safety, are called maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG). Contaminants
are any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter in water.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. Phase IIB Rule
E. EPA
C. Safe Drinking Water Act F. None of the Above
273. The MCLG for barium is 2 mg/L or 2 ppm. EPA has set this level of protection based on the best
available science to prevent potential health problems. EPA has set an enforceable regulation for
barium, called a maximum contaminant level (MCL), at______________.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCL equals the MCLG E. 2 mg/L or 2 ppm
C. MFL
F. None of the Above
274. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible, considering cost, benefits and the ability
of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies. In
this case, the _______________, because analytical methods or treatment technology do not pose
any limitation.
A. MCLG
D. SDWA
B. MCL equals the MCLG E. 2 mg/L or 2 ppm
C. EPA
F. None of the Above
275. The _________________, the regulation for barium, became effective in 1993. The Safe
Drinking Water Act requires EPA to periodically review the national primary drinking water regulation
for each contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed barium as part of the Six
Year Review and determined that the 2 mg/L or 2 ppm MCLG and 2 mg/L or 2 ppm MCL for barium
are still protective of human health.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. Phase IIB Rule
E. EPA
C. Safe Drinking Water Act F. None of the Above
276. The major sources of barium in drinking water are discharge of drilling wastes;
________________ ; and erosion of natural deposits.
A. Discharge from metal refineries D. Soluble barium compounds
B. Barium
E. Its high chemical reactivity
C. Barium carbonate, BaCO3
F. None of the Above
277. A federal law called the _______________________ requires facilities in certain industries,
which manufacture, process, or use significant amounts of toxic chemicals, to report annually on their
releases of these chemicals. For more information on the uses and releases of chemicals in your
state, contact the Community Right-to-Know Hotline: (800) 424-9346.
A. MCLG Rule
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. Phase IIB Rule
E. EPA
C. Safe Drinking Water Act F. None of the Above
47
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
278. When routine monitoring indicates that barium levels are above the MCL, your water supplier
must take steps to reduce the amount of barium so that it is below that level. Water suppliers must
notify their customers as soon as practical, but no later than 30 days after the system learns of the
violation.______________, such as providing alternative drinking water supplies, may be required to
prevent serious risks to public health.
A. MCLG
D. Additional actions
B. MCL equals the MCLG E. 2 mg/L or 2 ppm
C. MFL
F. None of the Above
Barium Explained
279. Barium is a ____________with symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in
Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal.
A. Erosion of natural deposits
D. Soluble compounds
B. Chemical element
E. Highly reactive chemical
C. Carbonate, BaCO3
F. None of the Above
280. Because of its high chemical reactivity barium is never found in nature as a free element. Its
hydroxide was known in pre-modern history as______________; this substance does not occur as a
mineral, but can be prepared by heating barium carbonate.
A. A natural deposit
D. A soluble compound
B. Baryta
E. Highly reactive chemical
C. Barium carbonate, BaCO3
F. None of the Above
281. The most common naturally occurring minerals of barium are barite (barium sulfate, BaSO 4) and
witherite (___________________), both being insoluble in water. Barium's name originates from the
alchemical derivative "baryta", which itself comes from Greek βαρύς (barys), meaning "heavy."
A. A natural deposit
D. A soluble compound
B. Baryta
E. Highly reactive chemical
C. Barium carbonate, BaCO3
F. None of the Above
282. _________________ was identified as a new element in 1774, but not reduced to a metal until
1808, shortly after electrolytic isolation techniques became available.
A. Beryllium
D. Soluble barium compound
B. Barium
E. Its high chemical reactivity
C. Barium carbonate, BaCO3
F. None of the Above
283. _________________ has only a few industrial applications. The metal has been historically
used to scavenge air in vacuum tubes. It is a component of YBCO (high-temperature
superconductors) and electroceramics, and is added to steel and cast iron to reduce the size of
carbon grains within the microstructure of the metal.
A. Beryllium
D. Soluble barium compound
B. Barium
E. Its high chemical reactivity
C. Barium carbonate, BaCO3
F. None of the Above
284. __________________ are added to fireworks to impart a green color. For instance, barium
sulfate is used as an insoluble heavy additive to oil well drilling fluid, and in purer form, as X-ray
radiocontrast agents for imaging the human gastrointestinal tract.
A. Beryllium
D. Soluble barium compound
B. Barium
E. Barium compounds
C. Barium carbonate, BaCO3
F. None of the Above
285. ______________________ are poisonous due to release of the soluble barium ion, and
therefore have been used as rodenticides.
A. Beryllium
D. Soluble barium compounds
B. Barium
E. Its high chemical reactivity
C. Barium carbonate, BaCO3
F. None of the Above
48
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Beryllium - Inorganic Contaminant 0.004 mg/L MCL
286. In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine the
level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These
non-enforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with
an adequate margin of safety, are called________________________. Contaminants are any
physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter in water.
A. MCLG
D. SDWA
B. MCL equals the MCLG E. Maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG)
C. EPA
F. None of the Above
287. The ___________for beryllium is 0.004 mg/L or 4 ppb. EPA has set this level of protection
based on the best available science to prevent potential health problems. EPA has set an enforceable
regulation for beryllium, called a maximum contaminant level (MCL), at 0.004 mg/L or 4 ppb.
A. MCLG
D. SDWA
B. MCL equals the MCLG E. MCLG
C. EPA
F. None of the Above
288. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible, considering cost, benefits and the ability
of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies. In
this case, the _____________ equals the MCLG, because analytical methods or treatment
technology do not pose any limitation.
A. MCLG
D. SDWA
B. MCL
E. 2 mg/L or 2 ppm
C. EPA
F. None of the Above
289. The_____________, the regulation for beryllium, became effective in 1994. The Safe Drinking
Water Act requires EPA to periodically review the national primary drinking water regulation for each
contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed beryllium as part of the Six Year
Review and determined that the 0.004 mg/L or 4 ppb MCLG and 0.004 mg/L or 4 ppb MCL for
beryllium are still protective of human health.
A. Phase V Rule D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCL
E. EPA
C. Group 2
F. None of the Above
How does Beryllium get into my Drinking Water?
290. Beryllium naturally enters surface water and ground water through the weathering of rocks and
soils or from industrial wastewater discharges. The major source of environmental releases from
____________ are coal and fuel oil combustion.
A. Divalent elements
D. Hardness and resistance to corrosion
B. Brittle alkaline earth metal
E. Waste batteries and paints
C. Industrial waste disposal practices
F. None of the Above
291. A federal law called the __________________ requires facilities in certain industries, which
manufacture, process, or use significant amounts of toxic chemicals, to report annually on their
releases of these chemicals. For more information on the uses and releases of chemicals in your
state, contact the Community Right-to-Know Hotline: (800) 424-9346.
A. Phase V Rule D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCL
E. EPA
C. OSHA
F. None of the Above
How will I know if Beryllium is in my Drinking Water?
292. When routine monitoring indicates that beryllium levels are above the ______________, your
water supplier must take steps to reduce the amount of beryllium so that it is below that level.
A. MCLG
D. SDWA
B. MCL equals the MCLG E. 2 mg/L or 2 ppm
C. EPA
F. None of the Above
49
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Beryllium Explained
293. Beryllium is the chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. Because any
beryllium synthesized in stars is short-lived, _________________ in both the universe and in the
crust of the Earth. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other
elements in minerals.
A. It is a divalent element
D. Hard and resistant to corrosion
B. Brittle alkaline earth metal
E. It is a relatively rare element
C. Is a relatively abundant element F. None of the Above
294. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and
chrysoberyl. As a free element it is______________, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal.
A. A divalent element
D. Hard and resistant to corrosion
B. A steel-gray, strong
E. Shiny
C. Coal based
F. None of the Above
295. Beryllium increases _______________ when alloyed to aluminum, cobalt, copper (notably
beryllium copper), iron and nickel. In structural applications, high flexural rigidity, thermal stability,
thermal conductivity and low density (1.85 times that of water) make beryllium a quality aerospace
material for high-speed aircraft, missiles, space vehicles and communication satellites.
A. A divalent element
D. Hard and resistance to corrosion
B. A steel-gray, strong
E. Shiny
C. Coal based
F. None of the Above
Cadmium - Inorganic Contaminant 0.005 mg/L MCL
296. In 1974, Congress passed the_______________. This law requires EPA to determine the level
of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These nonenforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with an
adequate margin of safety, are called maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG). Contaminants are
any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter in water.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
B. CWA
E. EPA
C. Safe Drinking Water Act
F. None of the Above
297. The MCLG for cadmium is______________. EPA has set this level of protection based on the
best available science to prevent potential health problems.
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002
E. 0.005 mg/L or 5 ppb
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
298. EPA has set an enforceable regulation for cadmium, called a maximum contaminant level
(MCL), at __________________ are set as close to the health goals as possible, considering cost,
benefits and the ability of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable
treatment technologies. In this case, the MCL equals the MCLG, because analytical methods or
treatment technology do not pose any limitation.
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002
E. 0.005 mg/L or 5 ppb
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
299. The Phase II Rule, the regulation for cadmium, became effective in 1992. The Safe Drinking
Water Act requires EPA to periodically review the national primary drinking water regulation for each
contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed cadmium as part of the Six Year
Review and determined that the __________________ MCLG and 0.005 mg/L or 5 ppb MCL for
cadmium are still protective of human health.
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002
E. 0.005 mg/L or 5 ppb
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
50
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
How does cadmium get into my drinking water?
300. The major sources of cadmium in drinking water are corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of
natural deposits;______________________; runoff from waste batteries and paints.
A. It is a divalent element
D. It may burn and release toxic fumes
B. Brittle alkaline earth metal
E. Discharge from metal refineries
C. Coal and fuel oil combustion
F. None of the Above
301. A federal law called the ______________ requires facilities in certain industries, which
manufacture, process, or use significant amounts of toxic chemicals, to report annually on their
releases of these chemicals. For more information on the uses and releases of chemicals in your
state, contact the Community Right-to-Know Hotline: (800) 424-9346.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
B. CWA
E. EPA
C. Safe Drinking Water Act
F. None of the Above
How will I know if cadmium is in my drinking water?
302. When routine monitoring indicates that cadmium levels are above the _____________, your
water supplier must take steps to reduce the amount of cadmium so that it is below that level. Water
suppliers must notify their customers as soon as practical, but no later than 30 days after the system
learns of the violation. Additional actions, such as providing alternative drinking water supplies, may
be required to prevent serious risks to public health. If your water comes from a household well,
check with your health department or local water systems that use ground water for information on
contaminants of concern in your area.
A. MCLG
D. SDWA limit
B. MCL
E. 2 mg/L or 2 ppm
C. EPA standard F. None of the Above
How will cadmium be removed from my drinking water?
303. The following treatment method(s) have proven to be effective for removing cadmium to below
_________________: coagulation/filtration, ion exchange, lime softening, and reverse osmosis.
A. 4.0
D. .015
B. .002
E. 0.005 mg/L or 5 ppb
C. 1.3
F. None of the Above
Characteristics
Physical Properties
304. Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white divalent metal. It is similar in many respects
to zinc but forms complex compounds. Unlike other metals, cadmium is resistant to corrosion and as
a result it is used as a protective layer when deposited on other metals. As a bulk metal, cadmium
is_______________; however, in its powdered form it may burn and release toxic fumes.
A. Insoluble in water and is not flammable
D. It may burn and release toxic fumes
B. Is in making steel and other alloys
E. Reduces the amount of cadmium sulfate
C. Normal industrial waste disposal practices
F. None of the Above
Chromium- Inorganic Contaminant 0.1 mg/L MCL
305. The Safe Drinking Water Act requires ___________________ to determine the level of
contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These nonenforceable health goals, based on possible health risks from exposure over a lifetime, are called
maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG).
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCL
E. EPA
C. Group 2
F. None of the Above
51
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
306. EPA sets enforceable standards for drinking water contaminants based on the best available
science to prevent potential health problems. In most cases, the enforceable standard is known as a
maximum contaminant level (MCL), the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is
delivered to any user of a public water system. ___________ are set as close to the health goals as
possible after considering costs, benefits and the ability of public water systems to detect and remove
contaminants using suitable treatment technologies.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCLs
E. EPA
C. Group 2
F. None of the Above
307. Chromium is___________________. Chromium is found naturally in rocks, plants, soil and
volcanic dust, humans and animals. The most common forms of chromium that occur in natural
waters in the environment are trivalent chromium (chromium-3), and hexavalent chromium
(chromium-6).
A. An odorless and tasteless metallic element
D. Flammable
B. Used for making steel and other alloys
E. Fun to play with
C. Normally found in industrial waste disposal
F. None of the Above
308. Chromium-3 is an essential human dietary element and ___________________.
A. An odorless and tasteless metallic element
D. Flammable
B. Used for making steel and other alloys
E. Fun to play with
C. Normally found in industrial waste disposal
F. None of the Above
309. Chromium-6 occurs naturally in the environment from the erosion of natural chromium deposits
but it can also be produced by________________. There are demonstrated instances of chromium
being released to the environment by leakage, poor storage, or inadequate industrial waste disposal
practices.
A. Reverse osmosis
D. Burning and releasing toxic fumes
B. Making steel and other alloys E. Chemistry
C. Industrial processes
F. None of the Above
What are Chromium's Health Effects?
310. Chromium-3 is a nutritionally essential element in humans and is often added to vitamins as a
dietary supplement. Chromium-3 has relatively low toxicity and would be a concern in drinking water
only at very high levels of contamination; Chromium-6 is more toxic and poses potential health risks.
People who use water containing total chromium in excess of the ___________________over many
years could experience allergic dermatitis.
A. MCLG
D. Rule
B. MCL
E. Standard
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
311. EPA proposed to classify chromium-6 as likely to be carcinogenic to humans when ingested.
The Agency continues to work towards completing the human health assessment and making a final
determination about the carcinogenicity of chromium-6. When the assessment is completed,
__________ will determine whether the drinking water standard for total chromium needs to be
revised.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. OSHA
E. EPA
C. CWA
F. None of the Above
52
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
What are EPA's drinking water regulations for Chromium?
312. The ________________requires EPA to determine the level of contaminants in drinking water
at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These non-enforceable health goals, based on
possible health risks from exposure over a lifetime are called maximum contaminant level goals
(MCLG).
A. Safe Drinking Water Act D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. OSHA
E. EPA
C. CWA
F. None of the Above
313. The _______________for total chromium is 0.1 mg/L or 100 parts per billion (ppb). EPA has set
this level of protection based on the best available science at the time the rule was promulgated. EPA
has set an enforceable regulation for total chromium, called a maximum contaminant level (MCL), at
0.1 mg/L or 100 ppb.
A. MCLG
D. Rule
B. MCL
E. Standard
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
314. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible, considering cost, benefits and the ability
of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies. In
this case, the________________, because analytical methods or treatment technology do not pose
any limitation.
A. MCLG
D. MCL equals the MCLG
B. MCL
E. Standard
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
Chromium Explained
Chromium Description
315. Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first
element in _________________.
A. Group 6
D. The roasting and leaching processes
B. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) ion E. Forming stainless steel
C. Toxic chromium classification
F. None of the Above
316. Chromium metal and ferrochromium alloy are commercially produced from chromite by
silicothermic or aluminothermic reactions, or by __________________.
A. Adding copper
D. Roasting and leaching processes
B. Adding trivalent chromium
E. Adding metallic chromium to form stainless steel
C. Adding Aluminum
F. None of the Above
317. Chromium metal has proven of high value due to_______________. A major development was
the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding
metallic chromium to form stainless steel.
A. Group 6 treatments
D. Roasting and leaching processes
B. Adding trivalent chromium
E. Its high corrosion resistance and hardness
C. Adding Aluminum
F. None of the Above
318. _________________, along with chrome plating (electroplating with chromium) currently
comprise 85% of the commercial use for the element, with applications for chromium compounds
forming the remainder.
A. Group 6 treatments
D. Roasting and leaching processes
B. Adding trivalent chromium
E. Its high corrosion resistance and hardness
C. Adding Aluminum
F. None of the Above
53
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
319. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) ion is possibly required in trace amounts for sugar and lipid
metabolism, although the issue remains in debate. In larger amounts and in different forms, chromium
can be_________________________.
A. Toxic and carcinogenic
D. Part of the leaching processes
B. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) ion E. Metallic chromium
C. Toxic chromium
F. None of the Above
320. The most prominent example of toxic chromium is______________. Abandoned chromium
production sites often require environmental cleanup.
A. Stainless steel
D. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))
B. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) ion E. Metallic chromium
C. Toxic chromium
F. None of the Above
Copper - Inorganic Contaminant 1.3 mg/L MCLG
What are Copper’s Health Effects?
321. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the ________________may, with
short term exposure, experience gastrointestinal distress, and with long-term exposure may
experience liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson's Disease should consult their personal doctor
if the amount of copper in their water exceeds the action level.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. Action level
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
What are EPA’s Drinking Water Regulations for Copper?
322. In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine the
level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These
non-enforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with
an adequate margin of safety, are called_______________. Contaminants are any physical,
chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter in water.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. Action level
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
323. The _________________for copper is 1.3 mg/L or 1.3 ppm. EPA has set this level of protection
based on the best available science to prevent potential health problems.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. Action level
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
324. For most contaminants, EPA sets an enforceable regulation called a maximum contaminant
level (MCL) based on the MCLG. ___________as feasible, considering cost, benefits and the ability
of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies.
However, because copper contamination of drinking water often results from corrosion of the
plumbing materials belonging to water system customers, EPA established a treatment technique
rather than an MCL for copper.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
325. The regulation also requires systems to collect tap samples from sites served by the system
that are more likely to have plumbing materials containing lead. If more than 10 percent of tap water
samples exceed the copper action level of 1.3____________, water systems must take additional
steps to reduce corrosiveness.
A. MCLG
D. Milligrams per Liter (mg/L)
B. MCL
E. Action level
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
54
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
326. _________________ promulgated the Lead and Copper Rule in 1991, and revised the
regulation in 2000 and in 2007. States may set a more stringent regulation for copper in drinking
water than EPA.
A. CWA
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. SDWA
E. EPA
C. OSHA
F. None of the Above
Copper Explained
327. Pure copper is _____________; a freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange color. It is
used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metal
alloys.
A. Known also as Lead
D. Related to turquoise
B. Soft and malleable
E. A liquid like Mercury
C. A carbon-nitrogen chemical
F. None of the Above
328. Its compounds are commonly encountered as ___________, which often impart blue or green
colors to minerals such as turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments.
A. Copper (II) salts
D. A mixture of gold and copper
B. Element
E. Salts
C. Carbon-nitrogen chemical
F. None of the Above
Cyanide - Inorganic Contaminant 0.2 mg/L MCL
329. Cyanide is a carbon-nitrogen chemical unit which combines with many_____________.
A. Copper (II) salts
D. Nitrogen atoms
B. Organic and inorganic compounds
E. Salts
C. Carbon-nitrogen chemicals
F. None of the Above
Uses for Cyanide.
330. The most commonly used form, __________________, is mainly used to make compounds and
other synthetic fibers and resins.
A. Copper (II) salts
D. The nitrogen atom
B. Cyanide (II)
E. Salts of the anion CN−
C. Carbon-nitrogen chemical
F. None of the Above
What are Cyanide's Health Effects?
331. Some people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the maximum contaminant
level (MCL) for many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid. This
health effects language is not intended to catalog all possible health effects for cyanide. Rather, it is
intended to inform consumers of some of the possible health effects associated with cyanide in
drinking water when the ___________ was finalized.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCL
E. EPA rule
C. Rule
F. None of the Above
What are EPA's Drinking Water Regulations for Cyanide?
332. In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine the
level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These
non-enforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with
an adequate margin of safety, are called________________.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
55
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
333. ________________are any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter
in water.
A. Naked contaminants
D. Solutions of inorganic contaminants
B. Halides
E. Cyanides
C. Contaminants
F. None of the Above
334. The ___________ for cyanide is 0.2 mg/L or 200 ppb. EPA has set this level of protection
based on the best available science to prevent potential health problems. EPA has set an enforceable
regulation for cyanide, called a maximum contaminant level (MCL), at 0.2 mg/L or 200 ppb.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
335. __________________, considering cost, benefits and the ability of public water systems to
detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies. In this case, the MCL equals
the MCLG, because analytical methods or treatment technology do not pose any limitation.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
336. The Phase V Rule, the regulation for cyanide, became effective in 1994. The Safe Drinking
Water Act requires _____________ to periodically review the national primary drinking water
regulation for each contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed cyanide as
part of the Six Year Review and determined that the 0.2 mg/L or 200 ppb MCLG and 0.2 mg/L or 200
ppb MCL for cyanide are still protective of human health.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
Cyanide Explained
337. A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the _______________, which consists of a
carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom.
A. Naked contaminants
D. Solutions of inorganic contaminants
B. Halides
E. Cyanides
C. Contaminants
F. None of the Above
338. Cyanides most commonly refer to ______________which is isoelectronic with carbon monoxide
and with molecular nitrogen. Most cyanides are highly toxic.
A. Cyanide salts
D. Solutions of salts of the anion CN−,
−
B. Salts of the anion CN ,
E. Cyanides solutions
C. Carbon-nitrogen chemical
F. None of the Above
Fluoride - Inorganic Contaminant 4.0 mg/L MCL
What are EPA's Drinking Water Regulations for Fluoride?
339. In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine the
level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These
non-enforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with
an adequate margin of safety, are called maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG). __________ are
any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter in water.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
56
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
340. The _____________ for fluoride is 4.0 mg/L or 4.0 ppm. EPA has set this level of protection
based on the best available science to prevent potential health problems. EPA has set an enforceable
regulation for fluoride, called a maximum contaminant level (MCL), at 4.0 mg/L or 4.0 ppm.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
341. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible, considering cost, benefits and the ability
of public water systems to detect and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies. In
this case, the_____________, because analytical methods or treatment technology do not pose any
limitation.
A. MCLG
D. Standard
B. MCL
E. MCL equals the MCLG
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
342. EPA has also set a ________________for fluoride at 2.0 mg/L or 2.0 ppm. Secondary
standards are non-enforceable guidelines regulating contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects
(such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) in drinking
water. EPA recommends secondary standards to water systems but does not require systems to
comply. However, states may choose to adopt them as enforceable standards.
A. MCLG
D. Secondary standard (SMCL)
B. MCL
E. MCL equals the MCLG
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
343. Tooth discoloration and/or pitting is caused by excess fluoride exposures during the formative
period prior to eruption of the teeth in children. The secondary standard of 2.0 mg/L is intended as a
guideline for an upper bound level in areas which have high levels of naturally occurring fluoride. The
level of the ____________ was set based upon a balancing of the beneficial effects of protection from
tooth decay and the undesirable effects of excessive exposures leading to discoloration.
A. MCLG
D. Secondary standard (SMCL)
B. MCL
E. MCL equals the MCLG
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
344. _____________ is voluntarily added to some drinking water systems as a public health
measure for reducing the incidence of cavities among the treated population.
A. Naked fluoride
D. Solutions of inorganic fluorides
B. Halides
E. Fluorite and fluorapatite
C. Fluoride
F. None of the Above
Fluoride Explained
345. Fluoride is the anion F−, the reduced form of fluorine when as an ion and when bonded to
another element. Inorganic fluorine containing compounds are called fluorides. Fluoride, like other
halides, is a monovalent ion (−1 charge). Its compounds often have properties that are distinct
relative to other halides. Structurally, and to some extent chemically, the _________resembles the
hydroxide ion.
A. Naked fluoride
D. Solutions of inorganic fluorides
B. Halides
E. Fluoride ion
C. Fluoride
F. None of the Above
57
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Occurrence
346. Solutions of inorganic fluorides in water contain F − and bifluoride HF−2. Few inorganic fluorides
are soluble in water without undergoing significant hydrolysis. In terms of its reactivity, fluoride differs
significantly from chloride and other halides, and is more strongly solvated due to its smaller
radius/charge ratio. Its closest chemical relative is hydroxide. When relatively unsolvated, fluoride
anions are called "_____________".
A. Naked
D. Solutions of inorganic fluorides
B. Halides
E. Fluorite and fluorapatite
C. Fluoride
F. None of the Above
347. _______________ is a very strong lewis base. The presence of fluoride and its compounds can
be detected by F NMR spectroscopy.
A. Naked fluoride
D. Solutions of inorganic fluorides
B. Halides
E. Fluorite and fluorapatite
C. Fluoride
F. None of the Above
Natural Occurrence
348. ________________are
fluorapatite.
A. Naked fluoride
D.
B. Halides
E.
C. Many fluoride minerals F.
known, but of paramount commercial importance are fluorite and
Solutions of inorganic fluorides
Fluorite and fluorapatite
None of the Above
349. ___________ is usually found naturally in low concentration in drinking water and foods. The
concentration in seawater averages 1.3 parts per million (ppm).
A. Naked fluoride
D. Solutions of inorganic fluorides
B. Halides
E. Fluorite and fluorapatite
C. Fluoride
F. None of the Above
350. Fresh water supplies generally contain between 0.01–0.3 ppm, whereas the ocean contains
between 1.2 and 1.5 ppm. In some locations, the fresh water contains dangerously high levels of
_______________ , leading to serious health problems.
A. Naked fluoride
D. Solutions of inorganic fluorides
B. Halides
E. Fluorite and fluorapatite
C. Fluoride
F. None of the Above
Mercury - Inorganic Contaminant 0.002 mg/L MCL
351. ________________regulates mercury in drinking water to protect public health. Mercury may
cause health problems if present in public or private water supplies in amounts greater than the
drinking water standard set by EPA.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. MCLs
E. EPA
C. SDWA
F. None of the Above
What is Mercury?
352. Mercury is a liquid metal found in natural deposits such as ores containing_____________ .
A. Aluminum
D. Mercury-aluminum amalgam
B. Ultraviolet light
E. Other elements
C. Cinnabar (mercuric sulfide)
F. None of the Above
Uses for Mercury.
353. Electrical products such as dry-cell batteries, fluorescent light bulbs, switches, and other control
equipment account for 50 percent of ______________used.
A. Aluminum
D. Mercury-aluminum amalgams
B. Mercury
E. Lead
C. Cinnabar (mercuric sulfide)
F. None of the Above
58
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
What are Mercury's Health Effects?
354. Some people who drink water containing mercury well in excess of the maximum contaminant
level (MCL) for many years could experience kidney damage. This health effects language is not
intended to catalog all possible _____________for mercury. Rather, it is intended to inform
consumers of some of the possible health effects associated with mercury in drinking water when the
rule was finalized.
A. MCLG
D. Standards
B. MCLs
E. EPA
C. Health effects
F. None of the Above
What are EPA's Drinking Water Regulations for Mercury?
355. In 1974, Congress passed the_______________. This law requires EPA to determine the level
of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These nonenforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with an
adequate margin of safety, are called maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG). Contaminants are
any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter in water.
A. MCLG
D. Secondary standard (SMCL)
B. MCL
E. Safe Drinking Water Act
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
356. The MCLG for mercury is 0.002 mg/L or 2 ppb. EPA has set this level of protection based on
the best available science to prevent potential health problems. EPA has set_____________, called a
maximum contaminant level (MCL), at 0.002 mg/L or 2 ppb.
A. MCLG
D. Secondary standard (SMCL)
B. MCL
E. An enforceable regulation for mercury
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
357. ________________, considering cost, benefits and the ability of public water systems to detect
and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies. In this case, the MCL equals the
MCLG, because analytical methods or treatment technology do not pose any limitation.
A. MCLG
D. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
B. MCL
E. MCL equals the MCLG
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
358. _________________, the regulation for mercury, became effective in 1992. The Safe Drinking
Water Act requires EPA to periodically review the national primary drinking water regulation for each
contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed mercury as part of the Six Year
Review and determined that the 0.002 mg/L or 2 ppb MCLG and 0.002 mg/L or 2 ppb MCL for
mercury are still protective of human health.
A. MCLG
D. Secondary standard (SMCL)
B. MCL
E. The Phase II Rule
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
How will I know if Mercury is in my Drinking Water?
359. When routine monitoring indicates that mercury levels are above the ____________, your water
supplier must take steps to reduce the amount of mercury so that it is below that level. Water
suppliers must notify their customers as soon as practical, but no later than 30 days after the system
learns of the violation. Additional actions, such as providing alternative drinking water supplies, may
be required to prevent serious risks to public health.
A. MCLG
D. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
B. MCL
E. MCL equals the MCLG
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
.
59
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
How will Mercury be removed from my Drinking Water?
360. The following treatment method(s) have proven to be effective for removing mercury to below
0.002 mg/L or 2 ppb: coagulation/filtration, granular activated carbon, _____________, and reverse
osmosis.
A. A carbon filter
D. Lime softening
B. Backwash carbon
E. Point of use
C. Activated carbon
F. None of the Above
Mercury Explained
361. Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world mostly as cinnabar (mercuric sulfide). The red
pigment vermilion is mostly obtained by__________________.
A. Aluminum
D. Mercury-aluminum amalgam
B. Water-soluble forms
E. Reduction from cinnabar
C. Cinnabar (mercuric sulfide)
F. None of the Above
362. Cinnabar is highly toxic by ingestion or inhalation of the dust. Mercury poisoning can also result
from exposure to ______________of mercury (such as mercuric chloride or methylmercury),
inhalation of mercury vapor, or eating seafood contaminated with mercury.
A. Aluminum
D. Mercury-aluminum amalgam
B. Water-soluble forms
E. Reduction from cinnabar
C. Cinnabar (mercuric sulfide)
F. None of the Above
363. Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, float valves,
mercury switches, and other devices though concerns about the element's toxicity have led to
mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in
favor of alcohol-filled,__________.
A. Bottles
D. Galinstan-filled, digital, or thermistor-based instruments
B. Ultraviolet light
E. Sphygmomanometers
C. Machinery
F. None of the Above
364. It remains in use in scientific research applications and in amalgam material for dental
restoration. It is used in lighting: electricity passed through mercury vapor in a phosphor tube
produces short-wave ultraviolet light which then causes the _________to fluoresce, making visible
light.
A. Aluminum
D. Mercury-aluminum
B. Ultraviolet light
E. Phosphor
C. Cinnabar (mercuric sulfide)
F. None of the Above
Amalgams
365. Mercury dissolves to form amalgams with gold, zinc and many other metals. Because iron is an
exception, iron flasks have been traditionally used to trade mercury. Other metals that do not form
amalgams with mercury include tantalum, tungsten and platinum. __________is a common reducing
agent in organic synthesis, and is also used in high-pressure sodium lamps.
A. Aluminum amalgam
D. Mercury-aluminum amalgam
B. Ultraviolet amalgam
E. Sodium amalgam
C. Cinnabar (mercuric sulfide)
F. None of the Above
366. Mercury readily combines with aluminum to form a _______________ when the two pure
metals come into contact.
A. Aluminum amalgam
D. Mercury-aluminum amalgam
B. Ultraviolet amalgam
E. Sodium amalgam
C. Cinnabar (mercuric sulfide)
F. None of the Above
60
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
367. Since the amalgam destroys the ______________which protects metallic aluminum from
oxidizing in-depth (as in iron rusting), even small amounts of mercury can seriously corrode
aluminum. For this reason, mercury is not allowed aboard an aircraft under most circumstances
because of the risk of it forming an amalgam with exposed aluminum parts in the aircraft.
A. Aluminum amalgam
D. Mercury-aluminum amalgam
B. Aluminum oxide layer
E. Sodium amalgam
C. Cinnabar (mercuric sulfide)
F. None of the Above
Nitrate (Measured as Nitrogen) - Inorganic Contaminant 10 mg/L MCL
368. EPA regulates _____________in drinking water to protect public health. Nitrate may cause
health problems if present in public or private water supplies in amounts greater than the drinking
water standard set by EPA.
A. Nitrates and nitrites
D. Nitrates are converted to nitrites
B. Nitrate ion
E. Various organic and inorganic compounds
C. Nitrate
F. None of the Above
What is Nitrate?
369. Nitrates and nitrites are ________________which combine with various organic and inorganic
compounds.
A. Nitrogen-oxygen chemical units D. Nitrates are converted to nitrites
B. Nitrate ion
E. Various organic and inorganic compounds
C. Nitrate
F. None of the Above
Uses for Nitrate.
370. The greatest use of nitrates is as a fertilizer. Once taken into the body, nitrates are converted to
_________________.
A. Nitrates and nitrites
D. Nitrites
B. Nitrate ion
E. Various organic and inorganic compounds
C. Nitrate
F. None of the Above
What are EPA's Drinking Water Regulations for Nitrate?
371. In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine the
level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These
non-enforceable health goals, based solely on possible health risks and exposure over a lifetime with
an adequate margin of safety, are called maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG). Contaminants
are any ______________________.
A. MCLG
D. Secondary standard (SMCL)
B. MCL
E. An enforceable regulation for nitrate
C. Limit
F. None of the Above
372. The MCLG for nitrate is 10 mg/L or 10 ppm. EPA has set this level of protection based on the
best available science to prevent potential health problems. EPA has set an enforceable regulation
for nitrate, called a maximum contaminant level (MCL), at 10 mg/L or 10 ppm.____________.
A. MCLG
D. MCLGs are set as close to the health goals as possible
B. MCLs
E. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
C. Limits
F. None of the Above
373. The Phase II Rule, the _____________for nitrate, became effective in 1992. The Safe Drinking
Water Act requires EPA to periodically review the national primary drinking water regulation for each
contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed nitrate as part of the Six Year
Review and determined that the 10 mg/L or 10 ppm MCLG and 10 mg/L or 10 ppm MCL for nitrate
are still protective of human health.
A. MCLG
D. Regulation
B. MCLs
E. Standard
C. Grouping
F. None of the Above
61
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
How does Nitrate get into my Drinking Water?
374. The major sources of nitrates in drinking water are runoff from fertilizer use; leaking from septic
tanks, sewage; and erosion of natural deposits. A federal law called the Emergency Planning and
Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) requires facilities in certain industries, which manufacture,
process, or use significant amounts of toxic chemicals, to report annually on their releases of these
chemicals. For more information on the uses and releases of chemicals in your state, contact the
__________________.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. Water supplier E. EPA
C. Cops
F. None of the Above
How will I know if Nitrate is in my Drinking Water?
375. When routine monitoring indicates that nitrate levels are above the MCL, ___________must
take steps to reduce the amount of nitrate so that it is below that level. Water suppliers must notify
their customers as soon as practical, but no later than 24 hours after the system learns of the
violation. Additional actions, such as providing alternative drinking water supplies, may be required to
prevent serious risks to public health.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. Your water supplier
E. EPA
C. Cops
F. None of the Above
Nitrate Explained
376. The nitrate ion is a polyatomic ion with the _____________nand a molecular mass of 62.0049
g/mol.
A. Nitrates and nitrites
D. Molecular formula NO3−
B. Nitrate ion
E. Various organic and inorganic compounds
C. Nitrate
F. None of the Above
Structure
377. It is the conjugate base of nitric acid, consisting of one central nitrogen atom surrounded by
three identically bonded oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The nitrate ion carries a
formal charge of -1. This results from a combination formal charge in which each of the three oxygens
carries a −2⁄3 charge, whereas the nitrogen carries a +1 charge, all these adding up to formal charge
of the_____________________.
A. Nitrates and nitrites
D. Polyatomic nitrate ion
B. Nitrate ion
E. Various organic and inorganic compounds
C. Nitrate
F. None of the Above
Nitrite (Measured as Nitrogen) - Inorganic Contaminant 1 mg/L MCL
378. EPA regulates nitrite in drinking water to protect public health. Nitrite may cause health
problems if present in public or private water supplies in amounts greater than the drinking water
standard set by ________________.
A. MCLG
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
B. Water supplier E. EPA
C. Cops
F. None of the Above
What is Nitrite?
379. Nitrates and nitrites are ____________which combine with various organic and inorganic
compounds.
A. Nitrogen-oxygen chemical units D. Nitrates are converted to nitrites
B. Nitrate ion
E. Various organic and inorganic compounds
C. Nitrate
F. None of the Above
62
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Uses for Nitrite.
380. The greatest use of nitrates is as a fertilizer. Once taken into the body, __________ are
converted to nitrites.
A. Nitrites
D. Nitrogen ions
B. Nitrate ions
E. Various organic and inorganic compounds
C. Nitrates
F. None of the Above
What are EPA's Drinking Water Regulations for Nitrite?
381. In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine the
level of contaminants in drinking water at which no adverse health effects are likely to occur. These
non-enforceable health goals, based solely on _____________ and exposure over a lifetime with an
adequate margin of safety, are called maximum contaminant level goals (MCLG). Contaminants are
any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances or matter in water.
A. MCLG
D. MCLGs are set as close to the health goals as possible
B. MCLs
E. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
C. Limits
F. None of the Above
382. The MCLG for nitrite is 1 mg/L or 1 ppm. EPA has set this level of protection based on the best
available science to prevent potential health problems. EPA has set an enforceable regulation for
nitrite, called a maximum contaminant level (MCL), at 1 mg/L or 1 ppm. MCLs are set as close to the
health goals as possible, considering cost, benefits and the ability of public water systems to detect
and remove contaminants using _______________. In this case, the MCL equals the MCLG,
because analytical methods or treatment technology do not pose any limitation.
A. MCLG
D. MCLGs are set as close to the health goals as possible
B. MCLs
E. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
C. The Phase II Rule
F. None of the Above
383. ______________, the regulation for nitrite, became effective in 1992. The Safe Drinking Water
Act requires EPA to periodically review the national primary drinking water regulation for each
contaminant and revise the regulation, if appropriate. EPA reviewed nitrite as part of the Six Year
Review and determined that the 1 mg/L or 1 ppm MCLG and 1 mg/L or 1 ppm MCL for nitrite are still
protective of human health. States may set more stringent drinking water MCLGs and MCLs for nitrite
than EPA.
A. MCLG
D. MCLGs are set as close to the health goals as possible
B. MCLs
E. MCLs are set as close to the health goals as possible
C. The Phase II Rule
F. None of the Above
How does Nitrite get into my Drinking Water?
384. The major sources of __________ in drinking water are runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from
septic tanks, sewage; and erosion of natural deposits.
A. Nitrites
D. Nitrogen ions
B. Nitrate ion
E. Various organic and inorganic compounds
C. Nitrate
F. None of the Above
Selenium- Inorganic Contaminant 0.05 mg/L MCL
385. Selenium (Se) is an essential element for_____________, with the majority of our intake
coming from foods such as nuts, cereals, meat, fish, and eggs.
A. Vitamins
D. Selenide or selenate compounds
B. Drinking water E. Human nutrition
C. Minerals
F. None of the Above
63
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
386. The concentration of Selenium in drinking water is usually low, and comes from natural
minerals. In soils, selenium often occurs in soluble forms such as selenate, which are leached into
rivers very easily by runoff increasing the amount of __________________.
A. Selenium
D. Selenide or selenate compounds
B. Selenium in drinking water
E. An essential element
C. Minerals
F. None of the Above
387. ____________is also a by-product of copper mining / smelting. Selenium is also used in
photoelectric devises because its electrical conductivity varies with light.
A. Selenium
D. Selenide or selenate compounds
B. Selenium in water
E. An essential element for human nutrition
C. Minerals
F. None of the Above
388. Acute toxicity caused by ____________or other sources of intake has been observed in
laboratory animals and in animals grazing in areas where high selenium levels exist in the soil. The
US EPA has established the MCL for selenium in water at 0.05 mg/l.
A. Selenium
D. Selenide or selenate compounds
B. Selenium in drinking water
E. High levels of selenium in water
C. Minerals
F. None of the Above
Selenium Explained
389. Selenium is found impurely in metal sulfide ores, where it partially replaces the sulfur.
Commercially, selenium is produced as _________________in the refining of these ores, most often
during copper production.
A. Metal sulfide ores
D. Silicon
B. Natural deposits
E. Glutathione peroxidase
C. Antioxidant enzymes
F. None of the Above
390. Minerals that are pure selenide or selenate compounds are known, but are _____________.
The chief commercial uses for selenium today are in glassmaking and in pigments. Selenium is a
semiconductor and is used in photocells.
A. Selenium based
D. Compounds
B. Found in drinking water E. An essential element for human nutrition
C. Minerals
F. None of the Above
391. Uses in electronics, once important, have been mostly supplanted by silicon semiconductor
devices. Selenium continues to be used in a few types of DC power surge protectors and one type
of___________________.
A. Metal sulfide ores
D. Silicon semiconductor devices
B. Natural deposits
E. Fluorescent quantum dot
C. Selenium
F. None of the Above
392. Selenium salts are toxic in________________, but trace amounts are necessary for cellular
function in many organisms, including all animals.
A. The poisoner's poison D. Large amounts
B. Pharmaceutical industry E. A heavy layer of oxide
C. Selenium salts
F. None of the Above
Thallium- Inorganic Contaminant 0.002 mg/L MCL
393. Thallium is a metal found in natural deposits such as ores containing______________.
A. Metal sulfide ores
D. Silicon
B. Natural deposits
E. Other elements
C. Selenium
F. None of the Above
64
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747
Uses for Thallium.
394. The greatest use of ________________is in specialized electronic research equipment.
A. Nonselective toxicity
D. Potassium ores
B. Thallium
E. This soft gray poor metal
C. Selenium
F. None of the Above
What are Thallium's Health Effects?
395. Some people who drink water containing thallium well in ___________ for many years could
experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver
problems.
A. MCLG
D. MCLGs are set as close to the health goals as possible
B. MCLs
E. Excess of the maximum contaminant level (MCL)
C. The Phase II Rule
F. None of the Above
Thallium Explained
396. Thallium is a chemical element with symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray poor metal
is not found free in nature.______________, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air.
A. Nonselective toxicity
D. Like Potassium ores
B. When observed
E. This soft gray poor metal
C. When isolated
F. None of the Above
397. Thallium tends to oxidize to the +3 and +1 oxidation states as ionic salts. The +3 state
resembles that of the other elements in thallium's group (boron, aluminum, gallium, indium). However,
the +1 state, which is far more prominent in thallium than the elements above it, recalls the chemistry
of alkali metals, and thallium(I) ions are found geologically mostly in potassium-based ores, and
(when ingested) are handled in many ways like ____________by ion pumps in living cells.
A. Metal sulfide ores
D. Potassium ions (K+)
B. Natural deposits
E. Antioxidant enzymes
C. Selenium
F. None of the Above
398. The radioisotope thallium-201 (as the____________) is used in small, nontoxic amounts as an
agent in a nuclear medicine scan, during one type of nuclear cardiac stress test.
A. Nonselective ion
D. Potassium ore
B. Thallium 111
E. Soluble chloride TlCl
C. Thallium 3
F. None of the Above
399. Soluble thallium salts (many of which are nearly tasteless) are highly toxic in quantity, and were
historically used in_________________________.
A. Nonselective ion
D. Rat poisons and insecticides
B. Thallium 111
E. Soluble chloride TlCl
C. Thallium 3
F. None of the Above
400. Thallium poisoning notably results in hair loss. Because of its historic popularity as a murder
weapon, thallium has gained notoriety as "the poisoner's poison" and "_________________"
(alongside arsenic).
A. Inheritance powder
D. Soluble sleeping powder
B. Pharmaceutical powder
E. Sleeping powder
C. Saltpeter powder
F. None of the Above
65
Chemical Contaminants 201 ASS 9/1/2016 (928) 468-0665
Fax (928) 272-0747