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Transcript
Analogy: Weather is to climate like a school photo is to a person’s entire life. Look out the window and see that it is cloudy, raining and windy; that would be weather Record for decades the daily temperature, precipitation, and wind for a particular location; that would be climate Why is it so hot in a car that is parked in the sun and has the windows closed? Heat comes in through the windshield, but can’t get out as easily, that’s why? So what does this have to do with biology? Let’s look at the next slide, then we will all know what this has to do with biology! CO2, Water vapor, methane, and other gases act to trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. Infrared (heat) energy comes in but can’t get out. Some greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon, but the great political debate is how much impact humans have had on the situation, whose fault is it, yada, yada, yada. The life raft is sinking, and we are arguing about who put the hole in it!!! Science vs. Politics (never a good mix) http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagra ms/greenhouse/ http://www.livescience.com/common/media/ video/player.php?videoRef=GoldilocksGreen Polar Zone:sun angle is very low, 66.5-90 degrees North and South Temperate Zone:23.5-66.5 degrees N and S Temperate zone has the greatest range of temperature, depending upon the season Minnesota is right in the middle of the temperate zone Tropical Zone:0-23.5 degrees Wind ( The atmosphere’s attempt to reach pressure and temperature equilibrium) and ocean currents (ocean’s attempt to reach temperature equilibrium) Land masses also impact wind and ocean currents. How do mountains affect air movement? How does the Earth’s rotation affect the wind? How does the Earth’s rotation affect ocean currents? A biome is physical environment that contains a characteristic group of plants and animals Climate (temperature and precipitation) is a major factor in determining the characteristics of a biome 1) Sonoran Desert, 2) Patagonian Desert, 3) Atacama Desert, 4) the Sahel drought region, 5) the Sahara Desert, 6) the Namibian desert lands, 7) the Indus Valley, 8) the Taklimakan Desert, 9) the Gobi Desert, and 10) the Lake Eyre basin (Tirari Desert) Physical/non-living factors that shape an ecosystem What would be the abiotic factors in Yellowstone National Park? Temperature Precipitation Humidity Wind Nutrient availability Sunlight Soil type The biological (living) influences on the organisms within a given ecosystem What are biotic factors that influence a bison in Yellowstone National Park? The biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives The area in which an organism lives along with the biotic and abiotic factors is the habitat of the organism Habitat is to niche as address is to occupation An organism’s niche is the complete set of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and how that organism uses those conditions Niche includes: where the organism sits in the food web, the range of temperatures in which the organism can survive Ponds, lakes, slow moving streams Niche includes temperature considerations. Example: How does the bullfrog deal with it’s limited temperature tolerance? Niche includes reproductive success considerations. Example:During what time of year would be the most favorable for the bullfrog to lay it’s eggs and have the greatest chance of reproductive success? Resources include: water, nutrients, light, food, space Competition: organisms of the same species or different species attempt to use the same resources in the same place at the same time Example of competition: tall trees in a forest competing for light, water, and nutrients. “Survival of the fittest” No 2 species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. When one organism captures and feeds on another, this is predation Predator Prey Good for one, bad for the other Mutualism-both species benefit from the relationship Example of mutualism: flowers and insects One member benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed Example: barnacles attached to the body of a whale One organism lives in or on another organism and the host organism is harmed Parasites usually weaken but not kill the host Examples: tapeworms live in the intestines of mammals, ticks live on the blood and skin of mammals, such as deer & moose Ecosystems are constantly changing, sometimes quickly, like after a storm or flood, more often, very slowly. Ecological Succession is the series of fairly predictable changes that an ecosystem goes through over time Primary succession occurs where there is no soil Primary succession follows a volcanic eruption ( Hawaii, Mt. St. Helens) and when bare rock is exposed following glacial erosion Pioneer Species is the first species to populate an area Lichens are often the pioneer species Lichen is made up and an algae and fungus that can grow on bare rock. Secondary succession follows a disturbance to an existing community, but the soil is not removed. Secondary succession follows an event Examples: abandoned farm land; forest fire in Yellowstone NP Be sure to read about Marine Ecosystem succession on page 96-97 in Biology text Marine ecosystem succession starts with a disturbance, such as around the carcass of a large animal, such as a whale Microclimate: sometimes physical features can impact a small area within a biome, giving it an unusual climate, this is a “microclimate” Thick fog around San Francisco forms a “microclimate” Abiotic factors: hot, wet, thin, nutrient poor soils Warm year-round, alternating wet/dry seasons, rich soils subject to erosion Warm temperatures, seasonal rainfall, compact soils, frequent fires due to lightning Low precipitation, variable temperatures, soils rich in minerals but poor in nutrients Warm/hot summers, cold winters, moderate, seasonal precipitation, fertile soil, occasional fires Hot /dry summers, cool/moist winters, moderate, seasonal precipitation, thin, nutrient-poor soils, occasional fires Cold to moderate winters, warm summers, Year-round precipitation Fertile soils Coniferous (cone-bearing) trees present Soil is often rich in “humus” (decayed leaves and other plant material)