Download Chapter 4 PPT Part 1 - District 196 e

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Analogy:
Weather is to climate like a school photo is to
a person’s entire life.
Look out the window and see that it is cloudy,
raining and windy; that would be weather
Record for decades the daily temperature,
precipitation, and wind for a particular
location; that would be climate
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Why is it so hot in a car that is parked in the
sun and has the windows closed?
Heat comes in through the windshield, but
can’t get out as easily, that’s why?
So what does this have to do with biology?
Let’s look at the next slide, then we will all
know what this has to do with biology!
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CO2, Water vapor, methane, and other gases
act to trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Infrared (heat) energy comes in but can’t get
out.
Some greenhouse effect is a natural
phenomenon, but the great political debate is
how much impact humans have had on the
situation, whose fault is it, yada, yada, yada.
The life raft is sinking, and we are arguing
about who put the hole in it!!!
Science vs. Politics (never a good mix)
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http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagra
ms/greenhouse/
http://www.livescience.com/common/media/
video/player.php?videoRef=GoldilocksGreen
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Polar Zone:sun angle is very low, 66.5-90
degrees North and South
Temperate Zone:23.5-66.5 degrees N and S
Temperate zone has the greatest range of
temperature, depending upon the season
Minnesota is right in the middle of the
temperate zone
Tropical Zone:0-23.5 degrees
Wind ( The atmosphere’s attempt to reach
pressure and temperature equilibrium) and
ocean currents (ocean’s attempt to reach
temperature equilibrium)
 Land masses also impact wind and ocean
currents.
 How do mountains affect air movement?
 How does the Earth’s rotation affect the wind?
 How does the Earth’s rotation affect ocean
currents?
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A biome is physical environment that
contains a characteristic group of plants and
animals
Climate (temperature and precipitation) is a
major factor in determining the
characteristics of a biome
1) Sonoran Desert, 2) Patagonian Desert, 3) Atacama Desert, 4) the Sahel
drought region, 5) the Sahara Desert, 6) the Namibian desert lands, 7) the Indus
Valley, 8) the Taklimakan Desert, 9) the Gobi Desert, and 10) the Lake Eyre
basin (Tirari Desert)
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Physical/non-living factors that shape an
ecosystem
What would be the abiotic factors in
Yellowstone National Park?
Temperature
Precipitation
Humidity
Wind
Nutrient availability
Sunlight
Soil type
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The biological (living) influences on the
organisms within a given ecosystem
What are biotic factors that influence a bison
in Yellowstone National Park?
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The biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem
determine the survival and growth of an
organism and the productivity of the
ecosystem in which the organism lives
The area in which an organism lives along
with the biotic and abiotic factors is the
habitat of the organism
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Habitat is to niche as address is to occupation
An organism’s niche is the complete set of
physical and biological conditions in which an
organism lives and how that organism uses
those conditions
Niche includes: where the organism sits in the
food web, the range of temperatures in which
the organism can survive
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Ponds, lakes, slow moving streams
Niche includes temperature considerations.
Example: How does the bullfrog deal with it’s
limited temperature tolerance?
Niche includes reproductive success
considerations. Example:During what time of
year would be the most favorable for the
bullfrog to lay it’s eggs and have the greatest
chance of reproductive success?
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Resources include: water, nutrients, light,
food, space
Competition: organisms of the same species
or different species attempt to use the same
resources in the same place at the same time
Example of competition: tall trees in a forest
competing for light, water, and nutrients.
“Survival of the fittest”
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No 2 species can occupy the same niche in
the same habitat at the same time.
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When one organism captures and feeds on
another, this is predation
Predator
Prey
Good for one, bad for the other
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Mutualism-both species benefit from the
relationship
Example of mutualism: flowers and insects
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One member benefits and the other is neither
helped nor harmed
Example: barnacles attached to the body of a
whale
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One organism lives in or on another organism
and the host organism is harmed
Parasites usually weaken but not kill the host
Examples: tapeworms live in the intestines of
mammals, ticks live on the blood and skin of
mammals, such as deer & moose
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Ecosystems are constantly changing,
sometimes quickly, like after a storm or flood,
more often, very slowly.
Ecological Succession is the series of fairly
predictable changes that an ecosystem goes
through over time
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Primary succession occurs where there is no
soil
Primary succession follows a volcanic
eruption ( Hawaii, Mt. St. Helens) and when
bare rock is exposed following glacial erosion
Pioneer Species is the first species to
populate an area
Lichens are often the pioneer species
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Lichen is made up and an algae and fungus
that can grow on bare rock.
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Secondary succession follows a disturbance
to an existing community, but the soil is not
removed.
Secondary succession follows an event
Examples: abandoned farm land; forest fire in
Yellowstone NP
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Be sure to read about Marine Ecosystem
succession on page 96-97 in Biology text
Marine ecosystem succession starts with a
disturbance, such as around the carcass of a
large animal, such as a whale
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Microclimate: sometimes physical features
can impact a small area within a biome,
giving it an unusual climate, this is a
“microclimate”
Thick fog around San Francisco forms a
“microclimate”
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Abiotic factors: hot, wet, thin, nutrient poor
soils
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Warm year-round, alternating wet/dry
seasons, rich soils subject to erosion
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Warm temperatures, seasonal rainfall,
compact soils, frequent fires due to lightning
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Low precipitation, variable temperatures,
soils rich in minerals but poor in nutrients
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Warm/hot summers, cold winters, moderate,
seasonal precipitation, fertile soil, occasional
fires
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Hot /dry summers, cool/moist winters,
moderate, seasonal precipitation, thin,
nutrient-poor soils, occasional fires
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Cold to moderate winters, warm
summers,
Year-round precipitation
Fertile soils
Coniferous (cone-bearing) trees
present
Soil is often rich in “humus”
(decayed leaves and other plant
material)