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Magnetic susceptibility in MRI María José Otero Díaz Summary What is magnetic susceptibility? Artefacts due to susceptibility in MRI How to measure susceptibility Susceptibility imaging Applications: tractography. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Magnetic susceptibility Dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the degree of magnetization, M, of a material in response to an applied magnetic field, H. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Magnetic behaviours Four different types of behaviour may be distinguished: Diamagnetism: χ is negative and of the order of 10-6. Paramagnetism: χ is positive and typically in the range 10-5-10-3. Superparamagnetism: appears in small ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Their magnetic susceptibility is much larger than the one of paramagnets. Ferromagnetism: χ is positive and extremely large, typically greater than 100. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Artefacts Between two areas with different susceptibility, a small magnetic field gradient will exist. These gradients accelerate the dephasing between the protons on either side of the boundary, which leads either to signal attenuation via T2* or to severe image distortion. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Macroscopic effects of χ Artefacts between boundaries of substances with different magnetic behaviours (e.g. air-tissue boundary). Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Macroscopic effects of χ Macroscopic susceptibility effects caused by air–tissue interfaces. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Macroscopic effects of χ Magnetic susceptibility artifact markedly distorts the orbit and frontal parenchyma in this patient with prior sinus reconstructive surgery. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Microscopic effects of χ Related to: microstructure of tissues (geometry, orientation) chemical composition (e.g. iron content). Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Microscopic effects of χ Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Microscopic effects of χ Effect of iron extraction on MRI contrast in postmortem brain tissue. Iron extraction strongly reduces intracortical magnetic susceptibility–based contrast. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero BOLD Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast is used to depict neuronal activation. Oxygenated haemoglobin is diamagnetic, while deoxygenated haemoglobin is paramagnetic and thus has a shorter T2*, driving to differences in BOLD contrast. The technique is also sensitive to other sources of T2*induced signal losses: e.g. boundaries between substances with different susceptibility (air/tissue). Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Mapping susceptibility Magnetic resonance image Remove large scale effects Phase image Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Susceptibility reconstruct. From phase to susceptibility Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero From phase to susceptibility High values of F lead to streaking artifacts and noise amplification in the images calculated using this equation. Problematic high values of F occur where its denominator is close to or equal to zero, namely, on or near a cone in kspace at the magic angle (i.e., 54.7° from the B0 axis). Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero From phase to susceptibility Sampling from two orientations is insufficient because the solid angle of each cone is >90° (≈2·54.7°), leading to inevitable interceptions among the four zerocone surfaces associated with any two-angle sampling. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Calculation Of Susceptibility through Multiple Orientation Sampling COSMOS solves the inverse problem by oversampling from multiple orientations making use of some facts: The zero cone surface in the Fourier domain is fixed at the magic angle with respect to the B₀ field. If an object is rotated with respect to the B₀ field, then in the object's frame, the B₀ field is rotated and thus the cone. Consequently, data that cannot be calculated due to the cone becomes available at the new orientations. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Susceptibility imaging Susceptibility weighted imaging. Susceptibility tensor imaging. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) This method exploits the susceptibility differences between tissues to generate a unique contrast. A high-pass filtered phase image is used to detect these differences. The magnitude and phase data are combined to produce an enhanced contrast magnitude image which is exquisitely sensitive to venous blood, hemorrhage and iron storage. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) Unprocessed original SWI magnitude image. HP-filtered phase image. Processed SWI magnitude image. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) Conventional gradient echo T2*-weighted image Susceptibility weighted image SWI phase image Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Susceptibility Tensor Imaging (STI) Magnetic response M is dependent upon the orientation of the sample and can occur in directions other than that of the applied field H. In these cases, volume susceptibility is defined as a spatial tensor where i and j refer to the directions of the applied field and magnetization, respectively. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Susceptibility Tensor Imaging (STI) Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Applications: Fiber tracking There is a direct link between the orientation of the nerve fibers in white matter (WM) and the contrast observed in magnitude and phase images acquired using gradient echo MRI. Dominant source of this contrast: effect of the myelin sheath on the evolution of the NMR signal. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Fiber tracking A, nerve fibers are modeled as infinite hollow cylinders oriented at angle, θ, to B0. B, two-pool model. C, the susceptibility of the myelin sheath is anisotropic and described by a cylindrically symmetric tensor in which the principal axis is radially oriented. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Fiber tracking Calculated field perturbations due to the hollow cylinder model populated with isotropic susceptibility (A, D), exchange-related field offsets (B, E), and radially oriented anisotropic susceptibility (C, F). Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Comparison of color-coded STI and DTI Color codes: Red: anterior– posterior; Green: leftright; Blue: dorsal– ventral. Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero Thanks for your attention! Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero References Liu T et al. Calculation of susceptibility through multiple orientation sampling (COSMOS): a method for conditioning the inverse problem from measured magnetic field map to susceptibility source image in MRI. Magn Reson Med 2009;61:196–204. Duyn JH, et al. High-field MRI of brain cortical substructure based on signal phase. PNAS July 10, 2007 vol. 104 no. 28 11796-11801 Shmueli K, et al.(2009) Magnetic susceptibility mapping of brain tissue in vivo using MRI phase data. Magn Reson Med 62:1510–1522. Liu C (2010) Susceptibility tensor imaging. Magn Reson Med 63(6):1471–1477. Marques JP, Bowtell R (2005) Application of a Fourier-based method for rapid calculation of field inhomogeneity due to spatial variation of magnetic susceptibility. LiW, Wu B, Avram AV, Liu C (2012) Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of human brain in vivo and its molecular underpinnings. Neuroimage 59(3):2088–2097. Wharton, S. and R. Bowtell, Fiber orientation-dependent white matter contrast in gradient echo MRI. PNAS, 2012. 109(45): p. 18559-18564. Gary H. Glover, 3D z-Shim Method for Reduction of Susceptibility Effects in BOLD fMRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 42:290–299 (1999) Jianqi Li et al. Reducing the Object Orientation Dependence of Susceptibility Effects in Gradient Echo MRI Through Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. Magn Reson Med(2011) Yu-Chung N. Cheng. Limitations of Calculating Field Distributions and Magnetic Susceptibilities in MRI using a Fourier Based Method. Phys Med Biol. 2009 March 7; 54(5): 1169–1189 E.M. Haacke, et al. Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging: Technical Aspects and Clinical Applications, Part 1. AJNR January 2009 30: 19-30 Webb’s Physics of Medical Imaging. Second edition. CRC Press Magnetic susceptibility in MRI - María J. Otero