Download C11.4 PPT - Destiny High School

11
The Cardiovascular
System
Lesson 11.1: Heart Anatomy and the
Function of the Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.2: Regulation of the Heart
Lesson 11.3: Blood Vessels and
Circulation
Lesson 11.4: Heart Disease
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.1
Heart Anatomy and the
Function of the
Cardiovascular System
Do Now
• Grab your folders.
• Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms”
worksheet.
• Chapter 11 Lesson 1 vocab is on page 374.
• You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Today’s Objectives
1. Describe the function of the cardiovascular
system.
2. Describe the location, size, and structures of the
heart.
3. Outline the flow of blood through the
cardiopulmonary system.
4. Describe how blood flows from the arteries to the
veins.
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Anatomy and the Function of the
Cardiovascular System
What We’re Covering Today:
• the heart: location and size
• the four chambers of the heart
• the heart valves
• blood flow through the heart
• walls of the heart
• cardiac cycle
• cardiac output
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• Intro:
– Cardiovascular system – also called the circulatory system.
– Contains:
• The heart, blood vessels, and blood.
– The system transports oxygen, hormones, and other nutrients to cells and
rids the body of carbon dioxide.
– Functions:
• Transportation of oxygen
• Removal of carbon dioxide
• Regulation of body temperature
• Maintain of body’s acid-base balance
• Transportation of hormones
• Assistance with immune function
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The Heart: Location and Size
• The heart is the hardest working organ in the
human body.
• The human heart beats 3 billion times in a
person’s lifetime.
– Located in the thoracic cavity above the diaphragm,
and between the lungs
• About the size of a clenched fist
• weighs 8–10 ounces in women
• Weighs 10-12 ounces in men
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The Heart: Location and Size
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The Four Chambers of the Heart
• The heart is divided into four chambers:
– right atrium
– right ventricle
– left atrium
– left ventricle
• The two atria act as low-pressure collecting chambers and are
separated by the interatrial septum
• The two ventricles act as powerful pumps and are separated by
the interventricular septum.
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The Four Chambers of the Heart
• The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
from the venous system from the inferior vena
cava and the superior vena cava.
• The right ventricle then pumps the blood to the
lungs.
• The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood
from the lungs and then the left ventricle pumps
the blood through the aorta.
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The Heart Valves
• The heart has 4 major valves.
– These valves only allow blood to flow in one direction.
• atrioventricular (AV) valves
– Located between the atria and the ventricles
– Tricuspid – has three flaps
– bicuspid (mitral) – has two flaps
• semilunar valves
– Allows for blood to flow from the ventricles to the lungs and the
rest of the body.
– Pulmonary – located at the opening of the pulmonary artery on the
right side of the heart.
– Aortic – located at the opening of the aorta on the left side of the
hear.
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: tricuspid,
thoracic cavity, ventricle, aortic.
1. atrioventricular valve
2. semilunar valve
3. location of heart
4. heart chamber
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Blood Flow through the Heart
• (1) deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the
inferior and superior vena cavae to right atrium
• (2) right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the
tricuspid valve to right ventricle
• (3) right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through
the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary artery
• (4) blood exits to the lungs
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Blood Flow through the Heart (continued)
• (5) oxygenated blood from lungs travels through
the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
• (6) left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the
mitral valve to the left ventricle
• (7) left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through
the aortic valve
• (8) blood passes to the aorta
• (9) blood travels out to parts of the body
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Blood Flow through the Heart
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Walls of the Heart
• The heart has three layers or
walls.
• epicardium
– outermost layer
• myocardium
– middle layer
– Makes up about 2/3 of the
heart muscle.
• endocardium
– inner layer, that lines the
interior of the heart
chambers and covers the
valves of the heart.
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Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac cycle consists of two phases: Contraction
and relaxation.
• diastole
– Ventricle relax, atria contract
– Chambers fill with blood
• systole
– Ventricles contract, atria relax
– Chambers pump blood out of the heart
• mean arterial pressure
– overall pressure within cardiovascular system
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Cardiac Output
• The amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute
measured in liters/minute
• stroke volume
– amount of blood pumped in 1 beat
• heart rate
– number of beats per minute
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. The ventricles contract in diastole.
2. Stroke volume is measured in beats/minute.
3. The epicardium is the inner heart layer.
4. Deoxygenated blood enters the left atrium.
5. The aortic valve is in the left ventricle.
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END
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Exit Ticket
1. The myocardium is the __________.
a. sac surrounding the heart
b. thick, muscular wall of the heart
c. inner lining of the heart
d. septum between the chambers of the heart
2. The bicuspid valve is located between the ____.
a. right and left ventricles
b. left atrium and left ventricle
c. left and right atria
d. left ventricle and the aorta
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3) Which of the following is NOT a function of the
cardiovascular system?
a. transportation of oxygen
b. removal of carbon dioxide
c. regulates body temperature
d. provides support to the blood vessels
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4) In the cardiac cycle (contraction and relaxation),
which stage is characterized by a period of
relaxation?
a. diastole
b. systole
c. diastolic pressure
d. vasodilation
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Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.2
Regulation of the Heart
Do Now
• Grab your folders.
• Turn Cellphones into the box.
• Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet.
• Chapter 11 Lesson 2 vocab is on page 381.
• You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.
• Take out your study guide for chapter 9 and chapter 10 and study if you are
finished early.
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Today’s Objectives
1. Describe the mechanisms that regulate the heart.
2. Describe different types of arrhythmia, or abnormal
contractility conditions that can be detected via
electrocardiogram.
3. Identify the components of the conduction system of
the heart.
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Regulation of the Heart
• The heart is regulated by three different
mechanisms. One inside the heart; the other two
outside of the heart:
• internal control of the heart
• external control
• the conduction system
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Internal Control of the Heart
• sinoatrial node
–
–
–
–
Known as the “pacemaker” or the SA Node***
Located at the top of the right atrium
sends electrical impulse that tells the heart to beat
tells heart to beat 60–100 bpm
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External Control of the Heart
• the cardiac center
– sympathetic nerve system speeds up the heart rate***
– parasympathetic nerve system slows down the heart
rate
– Parasympathetic dominant branch at rest which is why
your heart rate is low at rest.
• the endocrine system
– some hormones speed up the heart rate
– Epinephrine and norepinephrine increases heart rate
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The Conduction System
•
•
•
•
SA node
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches–
right and left
• Purkinje fibers
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The Conduction System
• Conduction is the process of conveying or
transmitting types of energy, such as electrical
impulses***.
• Includes two areas of nodal tissue and a network
of conduction fibers.
• These structures allow the electrical impulses
formed by the SA node to travel to the ventricles,
telling them to contract.
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The Conduction System
• The electrical impulse travels to the left atrium and
goes through the atrioventricular node (AV Node)
• Once the electrical impulse leaves the AV node, it
is carried through conducting fibers called the
bundle of His.
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Electrocardiogram
• Known as an ECG or EKG
–
–
–
–
Recording of the electrical activity of the heart
It illustrates what is happening electrically
depolarize–contract
repolarize–relax
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: parasympathetic,
EKG, SA node, sympathetic.
1. speed up
2. slow down
3. pacemaker
4. electrical activity of the heart
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Cardiac Arrhythmias
• normal contractility condition
– sinus rhythm
– A normal healthy heart follows a
steady rhythm.
• abnormal contractility condition
– arrhythmia
• ventricle or atria contraction is not
normal
• A beat can arrive too soon or beat
in an abnormal way.
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Cardiac Arrhythmias
• bradycardia
– slow heart beat – less
than 60 bpm
• tachycardia
– fast heart beat – above
100 bpm
• premature atrial
contraction (PACs)
– atria contracts before
SA node
– Can be caused by
caffeine or stress
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Cardiac Arrhythmias
• atrial fibrillation
– atria contract faster than 350
bpm
• premature ventricular
contractions (PVCs)
– ventricles contract too soon
• ventricular tachycardia (VT)
– ventricles, rather than SA
node, cause beat
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Cardiac Arrhythmias
• ventricular fibrillation (VF)
– ventricles contract faster
than 350 bpm
• heart block
– impulse from SA node to
AV node are delayed or
blocked.
• first–impulse delayed
• second–intermittently
blocked
• third–completely blocked
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Defibrillators and Life-Threatening
Arrhythmias
• automatic external defibrillator (AED)
– Produces an electric shock
– stops heart and allows the heart to start normal rhythm
– anyone can use one
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation,
Bradycardia, or Defibrillator.
1. _______________ is fast heart beat.
2. _______________ is slow heart beat.
3. _______________ is atria beating more than 350
bpm.
4. A(n) _______________ stops the heart so it can
reset.
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END
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Exit Ticket
1) The “pacemaker” of the heart is the _____.
a. mitral valve
b. atrioventricular node
c. sinoatrial node
d. bundle of His
2) Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate the SA node, which ___.
a. increases the heart rate.
b. decreases the heart rate.
c. causes the ventricles to contract.
d. makes the heart rate irregular.
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3) Which of the following is not considered a
component of the heart conduction system?
a. sinoatrial node
b. epicardium
c. Purkinje fibers
d. atrioventricular node
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4) T or F: Conduction is the process of conveying or
transmitting types of energy, such as electrical
impulses.
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Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.3
Blood Vessels and
Circulation
Do Now
• Grab your folders.
• Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms”
worksheet.
• Chapter 11 Lesson 3 vocab is on page 396.
• You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.
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Today’s Objectives
1. Identify the differences among the three types of
vessels.
2. Outline the flow of blood through the
cardiopulmonary system.
3. Describe how blood flows from the arteries to the
veins.
4. Describe how the veins return blood to the heart.
5. Describe the distribution of blood at rest and
during exercise.
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• Intro
– Three types of blood vessels form a closed loop of
tubes that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the
body and back to the heart.
– Vessels:
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
– Subdivisions
• Arterioles
• Venules
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Blood Vessels and Circulation
•
•
•
•
blood vessels: the transport network
circulation: moving blood around the body
taking vital signs
know your numbers
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Blood Vessels: The Transport Network
• structure and function of vessels
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The Three Layers of Blood Vessels
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• Tunica Intima
– The innermost layer, composed of a single layer of
squamous epithelial cells.
– Provides a smooth, frictionless surface that allows blood
to flow smoothly through the vessel.
• Tunica Media
– The middle layer of blood vessels
– Directed by the sympathetic nervous system to increase
(vasodilation) and decrease (vasoconstriction) blood
flow.
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• Tunica Externa
– Outermost layer of the blood vessels
– Composed of fibrous connective tissue, which provides
support and protection.
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Differences Between Arteries and Veins
• Arterial vessels carry blood away from the heart***
– Must withstand large amounts of pressure when the
heart contracts
• Arteries have the thickest, strongest, most elastics
walls***.
• Venous system carries blood back to the heart.
– Veins do not deal with large amounts of pressure.
– Walls are thinner and less elastic.
– Contains 65% of the blood in the body.
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Differences between Arteries and Veins
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Capillaries
• Capillaries are the smallest and most numerous vessels in the
body***.
• Capillaries are called exchange vessels because oxygen and
carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs between the capillaries and
tissues.
– gas moves between tissue and blood
• capillary bed
– network of exchange vessels
• precapillary sphincters
– close off capillary bed as needed
– Controls the blood flow
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Circulation: Moving Blood around the
Body
• The circulatory system is an extensive network of blood vessels that
stretches 60,000 miles within the body.
• cardiopulmonary circulation
– The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs,
and the left side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of
the body
– Pulmonary artery***
– between heart and lungs
• systemic circulation
– between heart and body
– Circulates oxygen, hormones, water, and other nutrients to tissues,
and then carries carbon dioxide and was products back to the heart.
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Circulation: Moving Blood around the
Body
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Systemic circulation moves blood to lungs.
2. Capillaries are exchange vessels.
3. The tunica intima is the innermost layer.
4. Arteries move blood away from the heart.
5. Veins move blood toward the heart.
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Cardiac Circulation
• You know that oxygen is
supplied to the body by
the arteries, which carry
blood away from the
heart.
• What supplies the heart
with oxygen?
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• The oxygen rich blood that nourishes the heart is
supplied by the right and left coronary arteries.
• coronary arteries
– Left
• Divides into two arteries that supply oxygenated blood to
the anterior, lateral, and posterior walls of the heart.
– Right
• Two main branches that supply blood to the inferior and
posterior walls of the heart.
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
• Examine how nutrients such as carbohydrates, fat,
and protein are stored and released in the
bloodstream.
• Hepatic Portal Circulation maintains proper levels
in the blood
– carbohydrate
– fat
– protein
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Arteries
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Veins
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Fetal Circulation
• Process by which an unborn infant receives
oxygen and nutrients and disposes of waste
products.
• The infant receives oxygen and nutrients from the
mother’s blood through one large umbilical vein.
• Waste products are cleared through the two
umbilical arteries in the placenta
• Most blood enters through the ductus venous vein.
• Deoxygenated blood returns to the placenta via
the umbilical arteries.
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Taking Vital Signs
• taking your pulse
– find radial, carotid or brachial artery
– count beats for 15 seconds, multiply by 4
• measuring blood pressure
– stethoscope, sphygmomanometer (pressure cuff)
– systolic/diastolic pressure
– Systolic pressure occurs when the left ventricle contracts***.
– Diastolic pressure occurs when the left ventricle is relaxed***.
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Know Your Numbers
• weight
– body mass index–weight to height
• blood pressure
– Average pressure for an adult should be systolic/diastolic–110/70 mmHg
– Any pressure in excess of 140/90 mmHg should consult
with a doctor.
• cholesterol
– LDLs – “bad” cholesterol (Lousy)
– HDLs – “good” cholesterol (Healthy)
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: foramen ovule,
cholesterol, pulse, blood pressure.
1. systolic/diastolic
2. fetal circulation
3. LDLs and HDLs
4. carotid artery
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END
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Chapter 11.3 St udy Questions
• Please answers the following
questions:
• #’s 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 15, 17, & 18
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Exit Ticket
1) Which vessel has the thickest, strongest, and
most elastic walls?
a. artery
b. capillary
c. exchange vessel
d. vein
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Exit Ticket
2) Blood is carried to the lungs by the ____.
a. pulmonary vein
b. pulmonary artery
c. aorta
d. inferior vena cava
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3) The arteries carry blood ____.
a. away from the heart
b. to the lungs
c. to the lungs only
d. to the heart
4) The smallest, most numerous vessels in the body are the ____.
a. venules
b. arterioles
c. capillaries
d. veins
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5) Blood pressure measured when the left ventricle
contracts is called ____ pressure.
a. diastolic
b. stroke
c. systolic
d. mean
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Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.4
Heart Disease
Do Now
• Grab your folders.
• Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms”
worksheet.
• Chapter 11 Lesson 4 vocab is on page 403.
• You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.
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Today’s Objectives
• Identify several common types of heart diseases
and disorders and their symptoms.
• Explain the causes of and remedies for different
heart conditions.
• List and discuss strategies for preventing heart
disease.
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Heart Disease
• Intro
– Cardiovascular diseases account for one in six deaths in
the United States – approximately 2,200 deaths per day.
– Someone will have a heart attack or chest pain every 25
seconds!
– Heart disease costs the United States $300 billion
dollars annually.
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Heart Disease
What we’re going to cover:
–
–
–
–
valve abnormalities
diseases ending in -itis
heart failure
diseases of the arteries
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Valve Abnormalities
• Heart murmurs
– Can be heard from “whooshing” or “swishing” sounds when listening
through a stethoscope.
– Caused when valves do not close properly
– Common in younger children
– Usually do not require treatment
• Valvular stenosis
– narrowed, stiff heart valve
– Makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the smaller than
normal valve opening.
• mitral valve prolapse
– mitral valve does not fully close
• Shortness of breath, palpitations (rapid heartbeat)
– Valve can be replaced or repaired
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Diseases Ending in -itis
• Remember: -itis refers to inflammation
• pericarditis
– inflammation of heart sac
– Causes the heart to rub against the sac that surround the heart.
– Can cause stabbing heart pain.
– Treatment: medication.
• myocarditis
– inflammation of heart muscle
– Symptoms similar to the pericarditis
• endocarditis
– inflammation of heart lining and valves
– Can cause life threatening complications if left untreated
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Heart Failure
• Condition where the heart cannot pump blood to meet the oxygen
needs of the body, or the heart muscle becomes stiff and has difficulty
filling with blood.***
• fluid backs up in
– lungs
– liver
– limbs
– gastrointestinal tract
– Can cause swelling in lower extremities, and frequent urination.
• Treatment includes: diuretics (prevents water retention) or if
severe enough heart transplant
• Common causes: coronary artery disease, infections.
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Diseases of the Arteries
• Remember: arteries transport blood
through the body.
• Aneurysms – to the right
– weakened artery bulges, may break
– Can be caused by hypertension,
high cholesterol, smoking.
– Common locations in the aorta,
brain, and intestines.
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• coronary artery disease
– Narrowing of one or more of the coronary arteries from a buildup of
plaque.
– Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries***
• Caused by high blood pressure, smoking, high glucose levels, high cholesterol
diet.
– angina pectoris (chest pain)
• Caused by lack of oxygen
– Ischemia
• Caused by lack of blood flow to
the heart.
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Heart Attack
• myocardial infarction
– plaque completely blocks a cardiac artery***
– Symptoms include chest tightness, crushing pain,
shortness of breath
• treatment
– aspirin as soon as symptoms appear
– 20–60 minute window for treatment
– Damage can be irreversible
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Heart Attack
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Heart Disease
• Hypertension
– “high blood pressure”***
– blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
– Called the “silent killer” because of a lack of symptoms***.
• peripheral vascular disease
– lack of circulation in legs caused by narrowing of arteries in the
legs.
– Symptoms include pain and fatigue in the lower extremities.
– African-American at greater risk.
• stroke
– blockage of brain blood flow***
• ischemic stroke – one artery blocked
• hemorrhagic stroke – artery ruptures
• transient ischemic attack (TIA) – temporary lack of blood supply.
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Hypertension is 120/80 mmHg.
2. Aspirin helps in a heart attack.
3. An aneurysm is a weakened artery.
4. Myocarditis affects the heart wall.
5. In a heart murmur the valves do not close
properly.
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END
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Exit Ticket
1) Atherosclerosis is also known as hardening of
the ______.
a. veins
b. blood vessels
c. arteries
d. athero
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2) T or F: Heart failure is a condition in which the
heart cannot adequately pump blood to meet the
carbon dioxide needs of the body.
3) Hypertension is also called _____.
a. low blood pressure, “the silent killer”
b. low blood pressure, “the quick killer”
c. high blood pressure, “the silent killer”
d. high blood pressure, “the quick killer”
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4) A stroke occurs when _____.
a. when the arteries narrow
b. when blood flow to the brain stops
c. when blood flow to the heart stops
d. when the heart does not receive oxygen
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
5) A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a
_________ __________, occurs when _______
completely blocks an artery.
a. ischemic stroke; blood
b. heart murmurs; cholesterol
c. heart attack; plaque
d. heart attack; collagen
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.