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Chapter 1 The Italian Renaissance and Protestant Reformation 1.1 The Italian Renaissance • The Renaissance began • Renaissance means in Florence Italy. “re-birth” • Italy survived the Black Death during the 1300s. • It produced poets, artists, architects, • Black Death Brainpop scholars, and scientists • Bubonic Plague Song in short span of time. • Towns turned into cities like: Venice, Milan and • Time of creativity and Florence. change in many • Church officials, nobles, areas-political, social, merchants and artisans economic, and dominated the cities. cultural. Humanism • Focused on worldly subjects rather than on the religious • Humanists focused on the individual’s accomplishment. • Humanities- grammar, poetry, history, Latin and Greek. • Vernacular-language of the people. • Secular-world focus, not spiritual. Italian Renaissance Writers • Castiglione • Wrote the book The Book of the Courtier, describes the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have. • Machiavelli • The Prince, 1513, guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power. • Urged rulers to used whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals. Scientific Changes • Nicholas Copernicus suggested that the Sun sat at the center of the universe in 1543 • Galileo built telescope and was arrested for saying the Earth moves around sun. • He was correct! Patrons of the Arts • Wealthy people bought and showcase artwork. • Lorenzo de Medici was a member of the wealthiest family in Florence they supported the arts, giving lots of money Famous Artists Leonardo da Vinci (1452) • Botany, anatomy, music, architect, engineer • Dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work. • Renaissance Man Song • Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Michelangelo (1475) Brainpop • Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect • Pieta, which captures the sorrow of Mary as she cradles the dead Christ on her knees. • Statue of David • Sistine Chapel in Rome painted ceiling Raphael (1483) • Painter • Raphael studied Michelangelo and da Vinci • Blended Christian and Classical styles. • Best known for his tender portrayals of the Madonna, the mother of Jesus. • The School of Athens 1.2 The Renaissance moves North • Albrecht Durer – “German Leonardo” – Engravings • Van Eycks – 1400s – Developed oil paint • Pieter Bruegel – Painter – Peasants and daily life Artists • Erasmus (Dutch) Humanists – Translate Bible into vernacular – Praise of Folly- corruption in church • Thomas More (England) – Utopia-Ideal society • Shakespeare (England) – 37 plays, 1,700 words introduced Renaissance Writers Game Effects of Printing Press • Printing Press (1456) – Invented by German Johann Gutenberg Song • • • • Bible 1st book printed Books cheaper and easier to get People learn to read, more educated Exposed to new ideas- religious turmoil • Renaissance Art Game • Renaissance Review Game 1.3 The Protestant Reformation Abuses in the Church • Pope lived lavish lifestyles • Selling of indulgences“ticket to heaven” – Being pardon for your sins by the clergy of the church • Fees for church services – Marriage ceremony, baptism, etc. • Respect for Monks and Priests declined Martin Luther • Martin Luther Song • German monk 1517 • 95 Thesis – Arguments against Roman Catholic Church posted on doors in Whittenburg, Germany. • Church wanted him to recant-give up his views • Luther’s beliefs – Salvation thru faith alone, banned indulgences and confession, Jesus head of church not Pope, Bible is truth. Reactions to Luther’s Ideas • Pope Leo X excommunicated him • 1529 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany. • German princes issued protestatio, protest against it. • Word Protestant created. John Calvin (1536) • Creates Calvinismbranch of Protestant • Bible as only source of religious truth • Preached Predestination- God had already determined your life. • Belief the world is divided into saints and sinners. • Set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland – Govt. by the church (chosen people by God) Church of England (Anglican) • King Henry VIII of England wanted the pope to annual or cancel his marriage. • Pope said no. • Henry VIII took over the English Church because he wanted a son/divorce from wife. • He had one daughter Mary. • Henry VIII marries 4 more times, has one son- Edward VI. Henry’s Heirs • Henry VIII dies 1547 • Edward VI (Protestant) rules at age 9 dies later in his teens. • Mary Tudor (Catholic) – She burns more than 300 Protestants at the stake earning her the name “Bloody Mary” • Mary dies • Elizabeth I, 1588 (Protestant). – Restores the Anglican Church – She persecuted many Catholics. Henry Wives Game • Henry Wives Song Catholic Protestant Lutheran Calvinism Church of England 1.4 The Counter Reformation • The Counter Reformation- a time when Catholics at all levels worked toward reform (change) and fought against the Protestant faith. • Jesuits-founded by Ignatius of Loyola – They believed education was the best way to fight against Protestant. Set up missions, schools and universities. Council of Trent 1545 • Pope Paul III asked delegates to reexamined Catholic practices and teachings. – – – – – Reforms addressed corruption with clergy. Training of priests regulated. Selling of indulgences abolished. Supported building of Jesuits schools No compromise between Catholicism and Protestantism. • Inquisition- church court, used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy (gossip) – Index of Forbidden Books – Against Jews, Protestants, and Muslims Witch Hunt 1450-1750 • Tens of thousands women and poor killed • Scapegoatssomeone who takes the fall or becomes blamed. • Jews forced to live in ghettos in many cities Religious Wars • France and Spain fought each other over the Italian peninsula. The Italian Wars. 1494-1527 • Significance – End the Italian Renaissance – Artists left Italy and took their ideas and techniques with them. • Peasants War 1524 – Peasants unhappy about high taxes and lack of power in Germany – Martin Luther was accused of starting it. – He denounced it, didn’t start it. Peace of Augsburg • In 1546, Charles V Holy Roman Emperor began war against Lutheran princes of Germany • Years of battle, 1555, Peace of Augsburg signed • Charles did not attend signing of peace treaty • Agreement allowed each prince to choose religion subjects would practice. • Only choices for religion were Catholicism and Lutheranism • Subjects had no say in choice • Still, seeds of religious freedom had been planted