Download Congestive Heart Failure Survival Kit

Congestive
Heart
Failure
SURVIVAL
KIT
Disclaimer
The materials and information provided in this guide are for educational and
informational purposes only and are not intended to replace or constitute the giving of
medical advice.
Continuing Medical Implementation Inc. and the Ottawa Cardiovascular Centre does
not assume and hereby disclaims any and all liability to any person or entity for any
claims, damages liability, or other loss resulting from any use or reliance on this
information.
Copyright
Copyright to the materials included in this guide is owned solely by Continuing
Medical Implementation Inc.
Permission is granted to print copies of the materials from this guide for personal
information or for use in clinical practice subject to the following conditions:
• such use is non-commercial
• materials printed from this guide contain the Continuing Medical Implementation
Inc. logo and copyright
• if materials from this guide are modified, then the Continuing Medical
Implementation Inc. logo and copyright must be removed, since the accuracy of
modifications cannot be verified.
Remember - Guidelines are only guidelines and should
always be applied in the context of your best clinical
judgment and experience.
Copyright © Continuing Medical Implementation Inc. July 2004
CONTINUING MEDICAL IMPLEMENTATION
Mission statement:
To optimize cardiovascular risk in all cardiovascular patients. To
reduce the gap between evidence and implementation.
To shorten the time lag between best evidence and
implementation.
To provide community based leadership in evidence based
medicine dissemination and implementation.
To provide physicians with patient education materials and patient
management tools.
To provide an integrated approach to the management of all
aspects of cardiovascular disease.
CARDIAC HEART FAILURE SURVIVAL KIT
Table of Contents
I.
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
II.
THE HEART: WHAT IT DOES AND HOW IT WORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
III.
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
IV.
OTHER SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
V.
LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS IN HF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
VI.
EXERCISE AND HEART DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
VII.
CARDIAC RISK FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
VIII.
CARDIAC INVESTIGATIONS IN HEART FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
IX.
MANAGEMENT OF Heart Failure (CHF) WITH MEDICATIONS . . . . . .19
X.
CHF MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
XI.
CHF FOLLOW-UP CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
XII.
HEART FAILURE EXERCISE Rx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
XIII.
MEDICATION PRESCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
XIV.
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
XV.
EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
appendix a
A Simple Approach to Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
appendix b
Heart Failure: Do’s and Dont’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
appendix c
Restricted Sodium Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
appendix d
Potassium Replacement Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
appendix e
How to Adjust Your Diuretic Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
appendix f
Beta Blocker Titration Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
appendix g
Daily Weight, Exercise and Edema (Swelling) Record . . . . . . . . . . . 50
appendix h
Heart Failure Patient Education Tracking Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Version - July 2004
I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this booklet is to provide you with information about congestive heart
failure (CHF) also known as heart failure (HF). The development of heart disease is
naturally accompanied by many fears. “Will I die?” “What about my job?” “My family
still needs me. What will they do?” “Can I still be active?”
Congestive heart failure is a serious condition, which can carry a serious prognosis.
However modern therapy has greatly reduced the mortality and danger of CHF and
allowed many patients to return to a full and normal life. Learning about heart failure
is the first step and we hope this booklet will be useful in helping you turn heart failure
into heart success.
Version - July 2004
1
II. THE HEART: WHAT IT DOES AND HOW IT WORKS
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located between the lungs and underneath the
breastbone. A muscular wall divides the heart into two sides: the right side and the left
side. Each side has two chambers. The two upper chambers of the heart are called
the atria. The lower chambers are called the ventricles (see figure 1).
The atria are the filling chambers. They receive blood returning from the body (right
atrium) and the lungs (left atrium). The ventricles are the pumping chambers of the
heart. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. The left ventricle pumps blood to
the rest of the body. The atria and the ventricles are separated by valves, which allow
the blood to flow through the heart in one direction and prevent back flow of blood.
The wall of the heart is made up of three layers. The outer layer is called the
epicardium. The middle layer is the actual heart muscle and is called the myocardium.
The inner layer of the heart is called the endocardium. The heart is contained within a
sac called the pericardium.
������������
�����
���������
������
���������
�����
�����������
������������
������������
��������������
���������������
���������������
Figure 1.
2
Version - July 2004
The sole purpose of the heart is to pump blood to and from the rest of the body. The
right side of the heart pumps blood without oxygen to the lungs where oxygen is
picked up by the red blood cells. The blood then returns to the left side of the heart
from where it is pumped to the organs and muscles of the body, including the heart
itself. (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
In order to propel the blood, the heart must contract and relax some 60 to 100 times
every minute. Exercise requires the heart to work harder. It does this by an increase
in the heart rate and an increase in the amount of blood pumped from the heart with
every heartbeat. In order for the heart muscle to continuously pump, it must be well
supplied with oxygen-rich blood. The heart supplies itself with this blood first, before
sending blood to the rest of the body. The heart muscle is supplied with blood through
the coronary arteries, the heart’s own blood vessels (See Figure 3 for a picture of the
right and left coronary arteries and how they supply the heart with blood).
Figure 3.
Version - July 2004
3
III. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
What is congestive heart failure?
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a term used to describe the heart’s inability to pump
enough blood to meet the body’s needs. Heart failure does not mean that the heart
has failed completely, but rather that the heart is not strong enough to meet the
body’s needs at times of stress or increased activity. As you have learned the left
ventricle normally receives blood from the lungs and pumps blood through the arteries
to the brain, internal organs and extremities.
The left ventricle is the most important pumping chamber. It normally pumps 60% of
its volume with each beat. This number is called the ejection fraction or EF. The EF
is a very important predictor of prognosis in heart failure and can be measured by a
number or tests (see Cardiac Investigations in Heart Failure).
When the left ventricle is weak the patient may experience symptoms of low cardiac
output: fatigue and dizziness, and symptoms of congestion: shortness of breath on
exertion, inability to lay flat and awakening at night-time with shortness of breath. If
the CHF becomes severe fluid may leak into the lungs causing “pulmonary edema”
and severe respiratory (breathing) difficulties.
When the right ventricle fails, the patient may also have symptoms of low cardiac
output but also experience fluid build-up in the tissues of the body resulting in leg
swelling (edema) and congestion of the internal organs.
Causes of CHF
Weakness of the left ventricle can be caused by:
• Longstanding uncontrolled hypertension
• Heart attacks - damage to the heart muscle due to coronary artery disease
(blocked arteries)
• Valvular heart disease- longstanding leaking or narrowing of the aortic or mitral
valves
• Viral, toxic or metabolic disturbances damaging the heart muscle. Alcohol is the
most common culprit.
• Longstanding rapid heart beating (racing) due to some form of arrhythmia
• Congenital abnormalities e.g. ventricular septal defect (a hole between the left and
right ventricles)
4
Version - July 2004
Weakness of the right ventricle may be caused by:
•
•
•
•
•
Failure of the left ventricle
High blood pressure within the lungs
Valvular heart disease-pulmonary valve stenosis (narrowing), tricuspid valve leaking
Right ventricular infarction (heart attack) due to coronary artery disease
Congenital abnormalities e.g. atrial septal defect (a hole between the left and right
atria)
• Disease affecting the sac surrounding the heart (the pericardium) such as fluid
accumulation (effusion) or abnormal thickening (constriction)
Is CHF dangerous?
Untreated CHF can lead to severe respiratory difficulties which can be life threatening.
Fortunately there are many medications, which are effective in treating the symptoms
and improving the prognosis of CHF. Lifestyle modifications including proper diet, rest
and exercise as well as salt restriction can help reduce or eliminate the symptoms of
CHF.
Heart failure is not a static condition and may deteriorate gradually or suddenly.It
is important for you to recognize the symptoms of heart failure and to alert your
physician to any deterioration in your condition. If you act early on, severe heart failure
and the need for hospitalization may be avoided.
Triggers of worsening Heart Failure
Sudden worsening of HF may be due to:
•
•
•
•
•
Lack of blood supply to the heart (ishaemia)
Cardiac arrhythmia
Pneumonia
Blood clots
Acute valvular pathology (leaking valves due to infection, trauma, ishaemia)
Gradual worsening of HF may be caused by:
•
•
•
•
•
Anemia
Hyperthyroidism
Dietary non-compliance (not eating properly-eating too much salt or salty foods)
Medication non-compliance (not taking your pills regularly or properly)
Various medications such as anti-inflammatory medications for arthritis which can
cause fluid retention
Version - July 2004
5
Summary of Heart Failure Symptoms:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increasing shortness of breath
Inability to lie flat in bed at night
Waking from sleep short of breath
Increasing shortness of breath with activity
Increasing fatigue and dizziness
Swelling of the extremities
If you experience sudden severe shortness of breath,
this is a medical emergency and you should call an
ambulance or proceed directly to the closest hospital.
6
Version - July 2004
IV. OTHER SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE
In addition to heart failure symptoms, you should be aware of other symptoms of heart
disease that may occur in patients with heart failure. There are three symptoms of
heart disease, which will be described below.
Angina
Angina pectoris is a symptom that occurs when blood supply to an area of the heart
muscle doesn’t meet its needs. Angina may be felt as heaviness below the breast
bone which may spread to either arm, to the neck or the back. On occasion, angina
may be an indigestion-like discomfort in the upper stomach or a burning or heartburnlike feeling below the breastbone. Angina may occur during physical activity, at rest
or it may awaken you when you are asleep. Angina that becomes more frequent or
severe, or that occurs at rest and lasts for longer periods of time, is of great concern.
This change in pattern of angina is known as UNSTABLE ANGINA and may be an
early warning sign of a heart attack. When angina lasts longer than 20 minutes, there
is a risk that heart damage has occurred. If this occurs, you should call your doctor
or have someone take you to the nearest hospital’s Emergency Department.
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
Myocardial infarction is the medical term for a heart attack. It has also been known
as coronary thrombosis or simply as a “coronary”. It is caused by blockage of the
coronary arteries from cholesterol plaque and blood clots (Coronary Artery Disease
- CAD). Coronary artery disease is one of the most common causes of congestive
heart failure. Some patients experience congestive heart failure as a complication of
a heart attack. In some patients congestive heart failure may be the first or only sign
of CAD. The pain of myocardial infarction lasts longer than that of angina pectoris.
Generally there is a prolonged, sudden-crushing chest pain accompanied by shortness
of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting and perhaps lightheadedness. This pain may
spread to the arms, neck, jaw, shoulders and back.
For some people symptoms of angina and heart attack may be felt only as shortness
of breath. For others, heart attacks may occur silently without any symptoms of chest
pain or they may be passed off as mild indigestion.
Arrhythmia
The heart normally beats anywhere from 60 to 100 times a minute. Pacemaker tissues
in the right atrium or filling chamber regulate the heartbeat. The main pacemaker of the
heart is known as the sinus node and when it is working properly the heart rate is said
Version - July 2004
7
to be in normal sinus rhythm. Any disturbance of this normal sinus rhythm is known as
an arrhythmia. The heart may beat slowly or rapidly but still be under the control of the
sinus node. Such conditions may be normal such as during sleep or exercise.
Extra or early beats may occur and are normal. These may be experienced as
skips, palpitation or extra beats. When several of these occur together, they may be
experienced as flip-flopping of the heart or a short palpitation. These arrhythmias are
harmless. When an arrhythmia becomes continuous, they may be experienced as a
racing sensation of the heart and may be accompanied by light-headedness, dizziness
or fainting. Arrhythmias may arise from the upper (filling) chambers of the heart or
lower (pumping) chambers of the heart.
Not all arrhythmias are dangerous; most are not, but some may be potentially life
threatening. If you experience these sensations, you should tell your doctor.
8
Version - July 2004
V. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS IN HF
It is important for patients with heart failure to adhere to certain lifestyle
modifications that may improve their general well being. As well by controlling
certain diseases, which contribute to HF, both symptoms and prognosis can be
improved. These include:
1. Low salt diet – see no sodium diet (appendix a).
General guidelines:
• Prepare and cook all food without salt. Use herbs and spices to flavor foods.
• Do not add salt at the table.
• Avoid salty foods such as snack foods, convenience foods, and fast foods.
• Salt substitutes may be used. Check with your physician.
• Some medications, such as laxatives and antacids, contain sodium. Check with
your physician or pharmacist.
• Read labels on packaged foods carefully. Foods listing salt or sodium at the
beginning of the ingredient list are high in salt. Some labels use the symbol “Na”
for sodium.
2. Regular exercise/activity -see Exercise and Heart Disease below and exercise
Rx (appendix b).
3. Smoking cessation – see The Guide For Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention.
4. Treat and control high blood pressure – see The Guide For Cardiac
Rehabilitation and Prevention.
6. Treat and control diabetes– see The Guide For Cardiac Rehabilitation
and Prevention.
7. Identify and treat depression.
Version - July 2004
9
VI. EXERCISE AND HEART DISEASE
Exercise not only helps fight heart disease, but for sedentary people, just adding a little
exercise to your daily routine reduces the risk of high blood pressure, osteoporosis,
breast and colon cancer, depression, anxiety and stress. Ideally, you should exercise
three to five times a week for 20-50 minutes within your target heart rate. However, your
health can benefit simply by accumulating 30 minutes of moderate activity per day,
such as stair climbing, walking to work, or gardening. Also it is not just aerobic exercise
such as walking, cycling, jogging and swimming that is recommended. Resistance/
strength training (light weight lifting), and interval training are important components
of a good fitness program because they increases your strength and stamina, lead to
decreased body fat and help improve blood cholesterol levels. This type of exercise is
best individualized and initiated under controlled settings where facilities are available.
For deconditioned or heart failure patients briefer periods of supervised exercise may be
carried out 2-4 times per day initially with gradual increase in duration.
Benefits of Regular Exercise
• Improves heart and lungs
• Decreases resting blood pressure
• Decreases body fat
• Decreases total and LDL cholesterol (“bad cholesterol”)
• Raises HDL cholesterol (“good cholesterol”)
• Increases energy level
• Increases tolerance to stress and depression
• Controls or prevents the development of diabetes
• Decreases risk of orthopedic injury
Guidelines for Safe Exercise
• Frequency - 3-5 times a week
• Duration - 20-60 minutes
• Intensity (how hard) - within your target heart rate
Calculating Your Target Heart Rate
1) 220 - age = ______MHR (maximum heart rate)
2) MHR x 0.8 = _____ (this is the upper end of your target HR)
3) MHR x 0.7 = _____ (this is the mid range of your target HR)
4) MHR x 0.6 = _____ (this is the low end of your target HR)
5) MHR x 0.5 = _____ (low end target HR for Heart Failure patients)
For patients with ischaemia and/or exercise induced arrhythmia, set exercise HR in a
10-15 beat range, 10 beats below the onset of ischaemia and/or arrhythmia. Initiate
exercise at 60% of maximum predicted HR (MPHR) and progress to 70-80 % of
maximum HR. For Heart Failure patients, initiate at 50% MPHR and progress to 60-70
% MPHR.
10
Version - July 2004
VII. CARDIAC RISK FACTORS
Cardiac risk factors can contribute to the development of CAD (coronary artery disease)
and CHF. Let’s look at the risk factors – things about you and how you live that can
increase the possibility of a heart attack. Some risk factors cannot be changed (not
modifiable) and some can be eliminated or greatly reduced by changing your habits
and the way you live (modifiable).
Not Modifiable
Modifiable
Non-Traditional
• Family History
• Gender
• Age
• Hypertension
• Diabetes
• High Cholesterol
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Inactivity
• Stress
• Lp (a)
• Homocysteine
• Fibrinogen
• Hypercoagulable States
• Inflammatory Conditions
• Increased Clotting
Factor VII
• CRP
Summary of Cardiac Risk Factors
• Know your blood pressure and seek treatment if it is high.
• If you are a diabetic, strive to maintain a normal blood sugar.
• Reduce fats and cholesterol in your diet.
• Quit smoking.
• With your physician, plan a regular program of physical activity.
• Attain and maintain your ideal weight.
• Learn stress management or relaxation techniques.
For a more detailed review of cardiac risk factors please see The Guide For Cardiac
Rehabilitation and Prevention.
Version - July 2004
11
VIII. CARDIAC INVESTIGATIONS IN HEART FAILURE
Non-Invasive Cardiac Investigations and Procedures
Echo/Doppler
Echocardiography is an ultrasound test that gives excellent pictures of the structures
of the heart. It evaluates the size, shape and motion of these structures. Important
information may be obtained on the function of the pumping chambers of the heart
and of the valves. This test is entirely painless and safe. It takes about 15 to 30
minutes; Cardiac Doppler is also an ultrasound test. It too is painless and safe. It
may be used to find leaky cardiac valves and/or the presence of tightened or stenotic
valves. The test takes about 10 to 20 minutes. In both tests a transducer (a small
instrument looking something like a stethoscope) coated with conductive jelly will be
placed on the chest and moved along the chest wall over the areas to be examined.
Trans-esophageal Echocardiography (TEE)
In some patients in whom external or trans-thoracic echocardiography does not
provide diagnostic information, an ultrasound transducer can be placed into the
esophagus to provide close and excellent pictures of the cardiac structures. Such a
procedure is much like a gastroscopy and is usually carried out under sedation.
Stress Testing
Stress testing is also known as treadmill testing or graded exercise testing. During the
test you will be asked to walk on a treadmill which gradually increases the speed and
grade. Your electrocardiogram, blood pressure and symptoms will be continuously
monitored. The test will be stopped when your symptoms warrant it or if a strongly
positive result or arrhythmia occurs. Treadmill testing is useful to assess the presence
and severity of coronary artery disease, and if present to determine the prognosis and
to guide therapy or intervention.
A treadmill test may be carried out shortly after a heart attack to determine your risk
for a future heart attack or for angina. The most common way to do this is to increase
speed and grade every 3 minutes. In this case, the treadmill test is usually limited
either by a time or a heart rate maximum. Later a full exercise test may be carried out.
Treadmill testing may show changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG) which may mean the
blood supply to your heart is reduced. Chest pain or shortness of breath may accompany
these changes. Unfortunately treadmill testing is not perfect. About 30% of the time false
positive results may be obtained. This may make further testing necessary to rule out
coronary disease or assess its severity.
12
Version - July 2004
Holter Monitoring
A Holter monitor is a tape recorder, which is attached to your skin by ECG electrodes.
It is able to record the heart rhythm over a 24-hour period. You will record any symptoms
that occur during that time. The recording is then analyzed. It may detect changes in
heart rhythm, or changes in the ECG that might mean lack of blood supply to the heart.
Stress Nuclear Testing
Stress Thallium testing is a form of a treadmill test that may provide added useful
information about your prognosis. A nuclear material is injected into your blood stream
while you exercise on the treadmill. The material is safe and medically approved.
Similar nuclear materials are used to obtain bone scans, brain scans, thyroid scans
etc. The nuclear material is taken up by your heart and is distributed through the heart
muscle according to blood flow. Areas of the heart that are supplied by narrowed
arteries will have reduced blood flow that will show up on scanning as reduced areas
of radioactivity. These techniques are more accurate than routine treadmill testing
in finding coronary disease and determining its severity. Scanning agents include
Thallium and Sestamibi (MIBI). MIBI scanning has the added advantage of providing
information on the pump function of the heart. Both stress and persantine thallium and
sestamibi stress tests are useful in excluding falsely abnormal treadmill stress tests
and carry 90-95% accuracy.
Gated Nuclear Angiogram (Wall Motion Study)
A gated nuclear angiogram (nuclear wall motion study, radionuclide angiogram, MUGA
scan) is a technique using radioisotopes to measure the pump function of the heart.
This technique is used to measure the function of the left ventricle (LV), which is the
major pumping chamber of the heart. A gated nuclear angiogram is more accurate
than echocardiography and even cardiac catheterization in measuring the pumping
capacity of the left ventricle. The nuclear angiogram is the best way to measure the
ejection fraction or EF of the heart. This is the percentage of the heart’s internal blood
volume that is ejected with every beat. A normal ejection fraction is > 55%. An EF
of 40-55% is considered mild LV (left ventricular) dysfunction. An EF of 30-40% is
considered moderate LV (left ventricular) dysfunction. An EF of < 30% is considered
severe LV (left ventricular) dysfunction. The EF is a very important measurement and is
one of the best prognostic indicators we have in assessing heart disease.
If localized areas of the heart do not contract normally, these “regional wall motion”
abnormalities usually indicate damaged heart muscle from coronary artery disease.
If there is generalized weakness of the heart muscle, other conditions such as
hypertensive heart disease, valvular heart disease, or cardiomyopathy (Greek for “sick
heart”) may be present. A Gated Nuclear Angiogram is a medically safe and approved
test that helps your physician to properly assess your heart’s pumping function.
Version - July 2004
13
BNP
BNP (b-type natriuretic peptide) is a hormone secreted from the cardiac pumping
chambers in response to fluid and pressure overload. The function of the hormone
is to promote salt excretion by the kidney. BNP levels are elevated in patients with
decompensated heart failure. Elevated levels of BNP correlate with prognosis and
severity of symptoms of heart failure. Rapid assays of BNP are becoming available
which will permit rapid diagnosis of heart failure in the emergency department of
office. It is sometimes difficult to separate the symptoms of heart failure from other
causes of shortness of breath such as acute and chronic lung disease. BNP levels of
100 pg/ml or less have a high negative predictive value for heart failure. Most patient
with symptomatic heart failure have BNP levels > 400 pg/mL. Intermediate values may
be found in patients with LV dysfunction (weakened pumping chambers) without frank
heart failure. Increased availability of BNP may provide physicians with a tool to track
optimal heart failure therapy.
Invasive Cardiac Investigations and Procedures
Cardiac Catheterization (coronary angiogram or simply “angiogram”)
Cardiac catheterization is a procedure where a small plastic catheter is placed within
a large artery in your leg and advanced to your heart. This technique is used to take
pictures of the arteries of the heart and the pump function of the left ventricle. The
procedure provides the most detailed and accurate information on the anatomy of the
coronary arteries. Cardiac catheterization is necessary before a decision can be made
about bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty. On occasion, for instance, when the
arteries to the legs are blocked, the procedure is carried out through an artery in the
elbow crease or wrist.
This procedure is called an “invasive cardiac procedure” because tubes are actually
placed within the body. The procedure is, however, relatively painless. Local
anaesthetic is given before insertion of the catheters. You may feel pressure as the
catheter is inserted. You may feel a warm sensation throughout your body when the
x-ray dye is injected to obtain the pictures. The procedure generally lasts for onehalf hour. After the procedure you will be asked to lie still for six hours to allow the
puncture site in the groin to heal.
14
Version - July 2004
There are certain risks involved in cardiac catheterization. These include an
approximate 2/1000 risk of serious complications such as heart attack or stroke. As
well there is a 2/100 risk of minor complication such as allergy, bleeding or fainting.
Ninety-eight times out of a hundred there are no problems.
Cardiac catheterization is not indicated in all patients with coronary artery disease. In
general, it is reserved for patients whose angina is unstable, in patients who are having
angina following a heart attack, or in whom other cardiac testing has shown a risk for
myocardial infarction.
Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)
Coronary angioplasty is a technique used to open up narrowed or blocked coronary
arteries. It is carried out in a manner similar to cardiac catheterization. Plastic tubes
are inserted through a large artery in your leg and advanced to the opening of the
coronary arteries. Small balloons are then placed through these small plastic tubes
(catheters) and slid down the coronary arteries to the level of narrowing. These
balloons are inflated at the site of coronary narrowing, resulting in compression or
flattening outwards of the cholesterol plaque and blood clotting substances that make
up the blockage.
Version - July 2004
15
Angioplasty has a high success rate of around 90%. Unfortunately, however, the
narrowing may recur 30% of the time. It is possible to do second and third coronary
angioplasties if necessary. Coronary angioplasty carries the same risks as cardiac
catheterization. In addition, there is a slightly higher risk of myocardial infarction (heart
attack) as the angioplasty may sometimes cause blockage of coronary arteries that
are being opened. This risk is still low. In most cases a STENT or expandable basket
is placed within the coronary artery. This improves the long-term success of the
angioplasty and stenting procedure.
LAD Stenosis Pre-angioplasty
LAD Stenosis Post-angioplasty
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
The normal heart beats in sequence from the upper chambers (atria or filling
chambers) to the lower chambers (ventricles or pumping chambers). Normally the
ventricles beat in synchrony, that is, at the same time. By doing so, maximum force is
generated to push blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and from the left ventricle
to the body. In some patients with heart failure, electrical activity is delayed within the
left ventricle. This creates a loss of synchrony. The ventricles are not beating together
and their pumping efficiency is reduced.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy uses a special pacemaker to restore cardiac
synchrony. Electrical leads are placed both within the right ventricle (the usual site
of a ventricular pacemaker lead) and the left ventricle via one of the coronary veins.
Electrical impulses are delivered to both ventricles simultaneously thus restoring
cardiac synchrony, improving cardiac output and reducing symptoms of congestion
and low cardiac output.
16
Version - July 2004
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy is not appropriate for all patients with heart failure.
Patients who benefit the most are those with moderate to severe symptoms despite
optimal medical therapy (NYHA Class III-IV), reduced ejection fractions (LVEF < 35%),
delayed electrical activation of the left ventricle evidenced by a widened electrical QRS
complex on ECG (QRS duration 0.12-0.14 seconds or greater with a pattern of IVCD
or LBBB) or patients who already have a pacemaker implanted in the right ventricle to
guard against bradycardia (excessive slowing of the heart).
Implantable Defibrillator (AICD)
Implantable defibrillators or automatic, implantable cardioverter-defbrillators are
complex electrical devices designed to monitor the hearts rhythm and deliver
lifesaving electrical therapy should the patient suffer a life threatening arrhythmia.
Patients with weakened hearts from whatever cause are at increased risk for cardiac
rhythm disturbances or arrhythmias. These may be symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Arrhythmias from the lower chamber or ventricle may be intermittent or continuous,
regular or irregular. Some of these can be life threatening. The most dangerous are
sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), a fast continuous rhythm coming from the
ventricle (usually left ventricle) and ventricular fibrillation (VFIB), a totally irregular
and erratic rhythm. In ventricular tachycardia the patient may remain conscious and
experience mild to severe symptoms of dizziness, shortness of breath or chest pain. If
the VT is sufficiently fast the patient may lose consciousness. In ventricular fibrillation
the ventricles do not pump blood effectively and loss of consciousness occurs. Unless
resuscitative measures are applied promptly, the patient will not survive.
An AICD is inserted like a pacemaker with an electrical lead implanted into the right
ventricle of the heart via the large veins leading from the arm to the heart. The device
in implanted under the skin below the collarbone and is about the size of a large
pacemaker. The circuitry of the AICD continuously monitors the heart’s rhythm. If
a patient develops an excessively fast pulse the AICD delivers an internal shock
designed to restore normal rhythm. The AICD continues to monitor and may deliver
multiple shocks if the first ones are ineffective. AICDs also have backup pacing
capability to deal with excessively slow heart rates. Some AICDs also have leads
implanted into the right atrium or left ventricle to provide dual chamber pacing and/or
resynchronization therapy.
AICDs are not indicated for all patients with heart failure. Indications for AICDs include
patient with symptomatic sustained or non-sustained VT and patients with recurrent
VFIB. It has been shown that AICDs may be of benefit in patients without symptomatic
ventricular arrhythmia. Selection criteria in these cases include patients with weakened
left ventricles (LVEF £ 30%) who also have a widened QRS complex (IVCD) usually
greater than 0.15 seconds.
Version - July 2004
17
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a surgical technique whereby veins are
taken from the legs and an artery is taken from the chest wall. They are used to bridge
or bypass narrowed areas in coronary arteries to restore blood flow to the heart.
Newer procedures include total arterial revascularization: where arteries from the right
and left chest wall, and from the forearm are used to create all the bypass grafts, and
the MID-CAB procedure where bypass of single vessel LAD disease is carried out
on the beating heart through a small incision in the anterior chest wall. These newer
procedures have specific indications, which can be discussed with your cardiac
surgeon
CABG is very good therapy for angina particularly when medications or angioplasty
cannot control angina. The surgery may also be indicated where cardiac testing shows
a high risk for extensive heart damage to occur if the patient were to suffer a heart
attack.
The operation usually takes about 4 hours and the patient is usually in hospital about
5–7 days. The patient usually resumes normal activities by around 2 months after the
surgery and may return to work in 3-4 months. The risk of bypass surgery includes an
approximate 1% risk of death and 5% risk of heart attack, stroke or wound infection.
Multiple Coronary Artery
Left Internal Thoracic (Mammary)
Bypass Vein Grafts
Artery to Left Anterior Descending
Coronary Artery Graft
18
Version - July 2004
IX. MANAGEMENT OF HF WITH MEDICATIONS
Medications are one important part of heart failure management. Proper use of
medications may benefit you in two ways:
1. By improving your symptoms (the way you feel)
2. By improving your prognosis (improving the pump function of the heart, reducing
dangerous rhythm disturbances, preserving your heart muscle and helping you to
live longer).
Your physician will determine the strength of the medications (dose) and the number
of times it is taken (frequency) according to your particular needs. Your needs will be
different from another person’s needs.
It is very important that you take your medication as prescribed.
If you have problems or side effects of your medication – alert your physician.
If you do not understand your medication – alert your physician.
Most cardiac medications have two names, which causes some confusion. There
are BRAND names, which may be given to the same medication by several different
companies. In addition, there is the GENERIC name, which is the same name for the
same medication manufactured by different companies. Pharmacies are permitted
and expected to substitute less expensive generic medications for brand name
medications unless otherwise specified by the physician. The active ingredients in
these medications are generally the same, although other constituents may vary. In the
following discussion, brand names will be listed in brackets.
A note re: dosing frequency
Certain medical abbreviations are used in the tables below to indicate dosing
frequency. These include:
•
•
•
•
•
EOD – every other day
OD – once a day
BID – twice a day
TID – three times a day
QID – four times a day
Version - July 2004
19
Medications to Improve Symptoms
1. Diuretics
Diuretics are sometimes called water pills or fluid pills. Diuretics are medications,
which help your kidneys to clear your body of excess fluid. This means that you
make more urine and have to urinate more often. Diuretics are used in conditions
such as congestive heart failure and also in high blood pressure. They help the heart
as it then has less fluid to pump. Diuretics may make you thirsty, but when taking
a diuretic, you should avoid drinking unusually large amounts of liquids as this can
counter the effect of the diuretic and lead to dilution of the body’s natural salts.
Generic Name
Brand Name
Dosing Frequency
Dosing Range (mg)
�����������������������������������������������������������
������������
�������
������������
�������������
������������������
���������
��������
���������
���������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�������������������
���������������������
����������������
�������
������������
��������
����������������
��������
������������
�����������
����������������
��������
���������������������������������������������������������������������������������
�����������������
�����������
������������
��������
�������������
����������
�����������������
���
�����������
���������
���������������
������
����������������
��������
Qw ��������������������������
��������������������
��������������
��������
Qw �����������������������
��������������������
�������������������
����������������
Qw ����������������������������
����������������������
��������������������
��
�����������������������������������������������������������������������
20
Version - July 2004
Common Names and Doses Of Diuretics (see OPOT Guidelines )
Diuretics may also result in a loss of potassium, which should be replaced by including
potassium rich foods in your diet. Bananas and citrus fruits are rich in potassium, as
are raisins, dates and green leafy vegetables (see high potassium diet appendix c).
Your doctor may also prescribe a potassium supplement in form of liquid or tablet. If
you are taking a potassium sparing diuretic, a potassium supplement is usually NOT
needed.
Many patients with CHF only require a small dose of diuretic. Some patients require
combination diuretics and higher doses of diuretics to control congestion. Diuretics
may make you feel thirsty but you should avoid drinking too much fluid. This would
dilute the salts in your bloodstream and counter the benefit of the diuretic. Avoidance
of salt is necessary, as salt in your diet leads to fluid retention. (see No Sodium Diet
- appendix a and appendix d How To Adjust Your diuretic for guidance).
2. Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Digoxin is a drug that acts to strengthen your heart contractions. It also regulates
heart rhythm and is used to control heart rate in certain types of arrhythmia. If taken
in excess, Digoxin may cause excessive slowing of heart rate. You should count your
heart rate before taking this medication. If your heart rate is below 60, only take half
the dose. If your heart rate is below 50, do not take your digoxin and alert your health
care provider.
Symptoms of Digoxin excess include:
• loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting
• palpitations,
• visual disturbance (blurring, yellow or green tinge),
• increased shortness of breath, increased fatigue or swelling of ankles
• sudden weight gain of more than three pounds.
If these symptoms occur, contact your physician. Take this medication at a regular time
each day. Take a missed dose within 12 hours, but do not take a double dose to make
up for a missed one. Report a very high, low or irregular heart rate to your doctor.
Medications to Improve Prognosis (Outcome)
1. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-inhibitors)
Vasodilators are medications which open blood vessels, either arteries or veins,
and in doing so, relieve congestion and the workload of the heart. ACE inhibitors are
members of a special group of vasodilators known as ACE Inhibitors. These agents
block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Intrinsic (natural) substance that
causes constriction of blood vessels and can lead to fluid retention. In addition to their
use in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure, these agents have
been shown to reduce hospitalization and improve prognosis in many patients.
Version - July 2004
21
Currently Available Ace Inhibitors
Generic Name
Brand Name
Dosing Frequency
Dosing Range (mg)
Captopril
(Capoten)
Three times a day
6.25-50 mg
Enalapril
(Vasotec)
Two times a day
2.5-10 mg
Lisinopril
(Prinivil, Zestril)
Once a day
10-40 mg
Ramipril
(Altace)
Once a day
2.5-10 mg
Quinapril
(Accupril)
Once a day
10-40 mg
Fosinopril
(Monopril)
Once a day
5 mg-40 mg
Cilazapril
(Inhibace)
Once a day
0.5-10 mg
Trandolapril
(Mavik)
Once a day
0.5-4 mg
The major side effect of ACE inhibitors is a dry non-productive cough. Sometimes
these agents can cause swelling of the throat and if this occurs, stop the medication
and contact your physician. As these medications lower blood pressure (BP), dizziness
can occur. If this happens, contact your physician.
In general the dose of these medications should be increased to the maximum tolerated
dose for best improvement in outcome. Sometimes the dose will be limited by worsening
of kidney function, as measured in a blood test (serum creatinine). Your doctor should
monitor kidney function and potassium levels when you are on these medications.
2. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB’s)
These agents act further down the “angiotensin” pathway, than the ACE inhibitors,
and block the effects of angiotensin II on the cells of the blood vessel wall. These
agents are used in hypertension. Studies are underway on their use in heart attack
patients and patients with congestive heart failure. ARB’s tend to have fewer side
effects than ACE inhibitors in terms of cough. They are equally effective in terms of
blood pressure control and symptom control in CHF and may be as effective as ACE
inhibitors in improving outcomes in CHF. Further studies in this area are underway.
Currently Available ARB’s
22
Generic Name
Brand Name
Dosing Frequency
Dosing Range (mg)
Losartan
(Cozaar)
Once a day
50-100 mg
Valsartan
(Diovan)
Once a day
80-160 mg
Candesartan
(Atacand)
Once a day
8-32 mg
Irbesartan
(Avapro)
Once a day
150-300 mg
Telmisartan
(Micardis)
Once a day
20-80 mg
Eposartan
(Teveten)
Once a day
300-600 mg
Version - July 2004
3. Nitrates and Hydralazine
Long acting nitrates are vasodilators, that dilate the venous system in the body, thus
relieving congestion in the lungs by reducing the return of blood to the heart. These
medications are also used to treat angina (pain from the heart due to lack of blood supply).
Hydralazine is a blood pressure pill that acts directly on arteries thus lowering the blood
pressure and reducing the work of the heart.
In patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors, the combination of isosorbide dinitrate, a
long acting nitrate, and hydralazine, has been shown to reduce cardiac mortality. There is
no evidence on either agent used alone being of benefit in terms of outcome but nitrates
are often used to treat angina in patients with CHF and coronary artery disease.
Side effects include of long acting nitrates include headache and lightheadedness. These
side effects generally wear off. If they do not, notify your physician. When taking Nitrates,
avoid overly hot showers and baths as thy may make you dizzy and fainting is possible. To
prevent dizziness, get up slowly from a sitting or lying position.
Hydralazine may cause dizziness if blood pressure is lowered excessively. In addition,
in high doses over a prolonged period, hydralazine may cause Lupus, an arthritis like
condition. It is important to report as soon as possible any rash, swelling of the face or
neck, difficulty breathing or swallowing.
Generic Name
Brand Name
Dosing Frequency
Dosing Range (mg)
Hydralazine
Apresoline
Four times a day
10 mg-75 mg
Isordil
Four times a day
5mg-40 mg
Long acting nitrates
Isosorbide dinitrate
Other forms of nitrates have not been tested in heart failure but may be useful to
improve symptoms such as shortness of breath or angina.
4. Beta-Blockers
Beta-blockers are medications that counter-act the bad effects of adrenalin and other
adrenalin-like compounds on the heart. In patients with CHF, there is an excess of circulating
adrenalin and other adrenalin-like compounds in the bloodstream. These compounds help
support the failing heart, but in the long run can be toxic to heart muscle. Recent studies
have shown that when beta–blockers are given to patients with heart failure their symptoms
and heart function improve. Importantly there is also an improvement in survival.
Beta-blockers must be started in low dose and the dosage is gradually increased. Initially
symptoms may worsen and patients must be monitored closely. It may be necessary to
increase the dose of diuretic or ACE inhibitor, or to reduce the dose of beta-blocker in the
short term, in order to control worsening symptoms such as increasing shortness of breath or
Version - July 2004
23
dizziness. One of the major side effects of beta-blockers is excessive slowing
of the heart rate. If your heart rate is below 50, do not take your beta-blockers and alert your
health care provider. In general, the highest tolerated dose of beta-blocker should be given to
patients with CHF. Beta-blockers can also lower your blood pressure, reduce the frequency
of angina attacks, control rapid heart rate and reduce the risk of complications after a heart
attack by making the heart’s workload easier.
Beta-blockers may have side effects, which include fatigue, difficulty concentrating,
insomnia, nightmares, impotence and alterations of peripheral circulation. Beta-blockers
may also worsen asthma and you should not be taking these drugs if you have this
condition. Despite this list of side effects, most patients tolerate Beta-blockers without
significant problems when the doses are adjusted slowly and carefully.
Names of Beta-blockers proven in heart failure
Generic Name
Brand Name
Dosing Frequency
Dosing Range (mg)
Bisoprolol
Monocor
Once a day
1.25 –10 mg
Carvedilol
Coreg
Twice a day
3.125-25 mg
(50 mg if > 85 kg)
Metoprolol
Lopressor, Betaloc
Twice a day
12.5-75 mg
Only Carvedilol and Metoprolol have been approved for treatment of CHF in Canada.
Bisoprolol has also been shown to benefit patients with heart failure. The other available
beta- blockers have not been tested in CHF.
Suddenly stopping these drugs can cause serious problems. They must be tapered off
gradually. Some patients may have difficulty in getting to sleep when starting on these
drugs. Taking the drug no later than two hours before bedtime can help with this. For Beta
blocker dosing protocols (see appendix e Beta blocker titration protocols).
5. Calcium Blockers
Calcium channel blockers are an entirely different group of medications from beta-blockers.
These agents reduce the flow of calcium into cells, which produces relaxation of blood
vessel walls. These agents increase blood flow to the heart, and as well, reduce the work of
the heart. They may also relax the walls of other arteries and lower blood pressure.
Calcium blockers are used for the treatment of angina and hypertension. One of the
calcium blockers is also used for the treatment of arrhythmias. There has been news
media attention in recent years to the question of safety of calcium channel blockers
in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension. These concerns pertain to
short acting agents. There have been many studies with all classes of calcium channel
blockers. In general, when used in patients who do not have congestive heart failure, the
24
Version - July 2004
heart rate limiting calcium channel blockers ( verapamil and diltiazem) are safe to use in
Coronary Artery Disease ( CAD) patients. Non heart rate limiting calcium channel blockers
(nifedipine, amlodipine and felodepine) are safe to use in hypertension but are best avoided
in CAD patients unless they are given with a Beta-blocker or unless the patients heart rate
is naturally slow. Medications such as amlodipine, felodipine and diltiazem have been
evaluated in Heart Failure patients and shown to be safe for angina control. They do not
improve the prognosis of the Heart Failure patient.
Side effects include headache, flushing, dizziness, lightheadedness, swelling of ankles and
constipation.
Take a missed dose of this drug within four hours but do not take a double dose to make
up for a missed dose. To minimize dizziness, rise slowly from a sitting or lying position.
Alcohol intake can make dizziness worse. Foods and drinks containing calcium can still
be included in your diet in reasonable amounts. Prevent constipation by increasing your
fluid and fiber intake.
Currently available calcium blockers
Generic Name
Brand Name
Dosing Frequency
Dosing Range (mg)
Nifedipine
Adalat XL
Once daily
20-90 mg
Amlodipine
Norvasc
Once daily
2.5-10 mg
Felodipine
Plendil,Renedil
Once daily
2.5-10 mg
Verapamil
Isoptin, Chronovera
Once – twice daily
120-240 mg
Diltiazem
Cardizem, Tiazac
Once daily
120-360 mg
Medications for Angina
6. Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin is one of the oldest medications available for the treatment of angina and
heart disease. Nitroglycerin dilates blood vessels reducing the workload of the heart and
improves blood flow to the heart. Nitroglycerin is used under the tongue to treat attacks of
angina. Follow these directions for the use of Nitroglycerin.
If you have chest pain:
Stop what you are doing. If the discomfort does not subside within several minutes, take a
Nitroglycerin under your tongue. Avoid swallowing while the tablet dissolves. When doing so
you should ensure that you are sitting or lying. Nitroglycerin can lower the blood pressure and
cause dizziness. Avoid standing after taking the medications for approximately 20 minutes.
Version - July 2004
25
There are two different sizes of Nitroglycerin tablets, 0.3 mg and 0.6 mg. Nitroglycerin is
also available in spray form (0.4 mg). You may take one 0.3 mg tablet or one 0.4 mg spray
every fives minutes up to a total of four doses or one 0.6 mg every 10 minutes up to a total
of two to three doses. You should never use Nitroglycerin while driving.
It is not possible to take too many nitroglycerin however, if your angina has not subsided
after 20 to 30 minutes, then there is a chance you may be having a heart attack. You
should then either contact your physician immediately, or have someone take you to the
nearest hospital.
Nitroglycerin must be fresh to be effective. Cap the bottle quickly and tightly after each
use. Replace unopened bottle after three months even if there are tablets left. Protect
tablets from light.
7. Long-Acting Nitrates
Long-acting nitrates are preparations or Nitroglycerin that have been formulated for prolonged
action. They may be taken in pill form (Isordil, Nitrong SR, Nitrodur) or applied to the skin
(Nitropaste, Transderm Nitro, Nitrodur, Minitran) or applied under the gums (Nitrogard). All of
these medications provide continuous levels of Nitroglycerin in the bloodstream and are intended
to prevent attack of angina. Side-effects include headache and lightheadedness. These sideeffects generally wear off. If they do not, notify your physician. When taking Nitrates, avoid overly
hot showers and baths as thy may make you dizzy and fainting is possible. To prevent dizziness,
get up slowly from a sitting or lying position.
Other Cardiac Medications
8. Anti-arrhythmic medications
Anti-arrhythmic agents are medications, which are used to regulate the heart beat and to
treat rhythm disorders.
They are complicated medications with significant side effects. Your physician best
administers them under close supervision as, on occasions, these medications can worsen
an arrhythmia. Examples of anti-arrhythmic agents include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Amiodarone (Cordarone)
Propafenone (Rhythmol)
Sotalol (Sotacor)
Quinidine (Biquin Durules)
Procainamide (Pronestyl)
Disopyramide (Rythmodan, Norpace)
Mexilitine (Mexitil)
Speak with your doctor or nurse about each of these drugs in order to learn of specific
points to be aware of.
26
Version - July 2004
9. Anti-platelets medications
Antiplatelet agents are medications, which interfere with the action of small elements in the
blood called platelets. Platelets adhere to bleeding sites and initiate the clotting process.
Aspirin is the best known and most widely used antiplatelet agent. These agents are used
to treat unstable angina and to prevent stroke and heart attack. Other agents include
Dipyridamole (Persantine) and Sulfinpyrazone (Auturan). Newer agents include Ticlopidine
(Ticlid) and Clopidogrel (Plavix). Side effects include gastrointestinal upset and bleeding.
To relieve mild GI distress take enteric coated aspirin or take these medications with food or
milk. Don’t take aspirin with alcohol to avoid intestinal bleeding.
10. Anti-coagulants
Warfarin (Coumadin) is the most commonly administered anticoagulant. This medication
interferes with normal blood clotting mechanisms by reducing certain circulating blood
proteins, which normally act to form blood clots. Warfarin may be in used inpatients with
atrial fibrillation (a cardiac arrhythmia) to prevent stroke or embolism.
Warfarin may be given to patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT, phlebitis) and in
pulmonary embolism (a condition where blood clots travel from the veins
in the legs to the lungs producing chest pain). Warfarin is also administered when blood
clots form in the heart after a heart attack. On occasional Warfarin is also recommended in
patients with severe blockages of coronary arteries.
While taking Warfarin the patient is at increased risk of bleeding. It is therefore necessary
to monitor by a blood test called the prothrombin time, often referred to as PT. The PT is
standardized between laboratories and reported as the INR (International Normalized Ratio).
The INR is maintained between 2 and 3 to prevent clotting in atrial fibrillation, phlebitis and
other conditions. With mechanical heart valves, the INR is maintained between 2.5 and 3.5.
The INR should be maintained within a narrow range in order to ensure that the blood is
neither too thin nor too thick. Excessive thinning of the blood can lead to bleeding. Based
on INR determinations, your physician should advise you as to your dose of Warfarin you
should be taking. Often the dose of warfarin is not stable and may have to be adjusted
frequently to keep the INR in the therapeutic range.
Take a missed dose of Warfarin within eight hours but never take a double dose to make
up for the missed dose. Be aware that you have a risk of bleeding. Being careful can
reduce this risk. Never walk about barefoot. Use an electric razor for shaving, use a soft
toothbrush, and wear gloves to protect your hands when doing heavy work. Limit alcohol
consumption (1-2 drinks/day).
There are many drugs, which interact with Warfarin and alter its effect. While taking
Warfarin, do not take any new medications without the advice and knowledge of
your physician.
Version - July 2004
27
X. CHF MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST
This checklist details what your doctor needs to know and do to optimally manage your
condition. Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms of CHF. An echocardiogram
or other measure of left ventricular function is useful to assess the severity of pump
dysfunction or weakness. The various causes of CHF are listed. A variety of acute and
chronic triggers of CHF need to be identified. Treatment(Primary
consists
of general measures
Pulmonary Hypertension)
to control symptoms as well as diuretic and digoxin therapy for symptomatic relief.
Specific measures to improve prognosis and outcome are highlighted on the next
page and should be reviewed continuously in the mangement of your condition. By
LV gated
study,
Following
this strategy
the best outcomes in CHF management can be achieved.
CT angiogram or MRI)
pheochromocytoma
-
/anthracyclines/cocaine/trastuzumab/
and other chemotherapy
Quality of Life
HF
• Trandolapril 1
2
4 mg OD ‡
Version - July 2004
Limit β blocker dose in
HF
Limit β blocker dose in
the elderly: Bisoprolol
5 mg daily (CIBIS-ELD)
Carvedilol 12.5 mg BID
(COLA II)
Aldosterone antagonists
• Epleronone 25-50 mg OD in post MI HF (heart failure) with LVEF ≤ 40%
(EPHESUS Trial) or 25 mg every 2nd day to 50 mg daily depending on
GFR) in Class II HF with LVEF ≤ 35% (EMPHASIS Trial).
•F
DIG Trial: 6% in all cause
hospitalization and 8% in
HF hospitalization. With
Dig level < 0.9 ng/mL –
23% in all cause mortality,
37% in HF mortality and
38% in HF hospitalization.
OD
OD or less frequently)
Digoxin used as foundation therapy in major HF Trials (SOLVD 68%
on Digoxin; US Carvedilol 90% on digoxin; RALES 72% on Digoxin.)
or NOAC
≥ 0.13 seconds with LBBB or ≥ 0.15 seconds with
non-LBBB:
LVAD/
This checklist details what your doctor needs to know and do to optimally manage your condition.
Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms of CHF. An echocardiogram or other measure of left
ventricular function is useful to assess the severity of pump dysfunction or weakness. The various causes
of CHF are listed. A variety of acute and chronic triggers of CHF need to be identified. Treatment consists
of general measures to control symptoms as well as diuretic and digoxin therapy for symptomatic relief.
Specific measures to improve prognosis and outcome are highlighted on the next page and should be
reviewed continuously in the mangement of your condition. By Following this strategy the best outcomes
in CHF management can be achieved.
Version - July 2004
29
XII. CHF FOLLOW-UP CHECKLIST
Date
Date
Date
Date
Date
Date
Date
Achieved Achieved Achieved Achieved Achieved Achieved Achieved
Rx
Weight Kg./lbs.
NYHA Class1
Subjective
Symptoms
B,W,NC
2
HR
BP (S/D)
JVP (Y/N)3
S3 (Y/N)3
Rales (Y/N)
Edema (Y/N)
ECG
CXR (Y/N)
congestion
K+ (potassium)
Creatinine
Digoxin level
BNP <100 pg/mL
ACE-i agent/dose
ARB agent/dose
ß-blocker agent/dose
Aldactone/Epleronone
Digoxin dose
(maintain level ≤ 1 nmol/L)
1
Diuretic agent/dose
2
Diuretic agent/dose
Nitrate agent/dose
Hydralazine dose
1
Class I: No symptoms with ordinary activity/ Class II: Symptoms with ordinary activity/
2
B = better, W = worse, NC = no change
3
Y = present, N = absent
Class III: Symptoms with less than ordinary activity/ Class IV: Symptoms at rest
30
Version - July 2004
XII. HEART FAILURE EXERCISE Rx
STOP ACTIVITY IF YOU EXPERIENCE CHEST PAIN OR SHORTNESS OF BREATH
DURING OR AFTER YOUR EXERCISE SESSION. NOTIFY YOUR PHYSICIAN
Version - July 2004
31
XIII. MEDICATION PRESCRIPTIONS
Medication
Dose (mg)
Frequency
Indication
1. Nitroglycerin SL
Angina treatment
2. Long Acting Nitrate
Angina prevention
3. ASA
Blood thinner
4. Other anti-platelet agent
Blood thinner
5. Warfarin:
Low Dose INR = 2.0-3.0 Medium Dose INR = 2.5-3.5 /
High Dose = INR 3.0-4.5
Blood thinner
6. Beta Blocker
LV function/prognosis
7. ACE inhibitor
LV function/prognosis
8. Angiotensin II receptor blocker-ARB
LV function/prognosis
9. Statin
Cholesterol lowering
10. Other Lipid Lowering Rx
Cholesterol lowering
11. Calcium Blocker
Angina/hypertension
12. Digoxin
Afib/symptoms of HF
13. Diuretic
furosemide
20, 40, 60, 80, 120
OD, BID, TID
Fluid retention
ethracrynic acid
25, 50, 100
OD, BID
Fluid retention
15. 2nd Diuretic
Fluid retention
16. Aldactone
12.5, 25, 50
EOD OD BID
Prevents K loss, prognosis
17. Anti-arrhythmic agent
Afib/VT
32
Version - July 2004
Additional Medications
Medication
Version - July 2004
Dose (mg)
Frequency
Indication
33
XIV. EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
Web Site Links:
Atrial Fibrillation.com
American Diabetes Association
American Heart Association
American Medical Association
(AMA) Consumer Page
Angioplasty (PTCA)
Angioplasty (PTCA) Medtronic
Canadian CHF Clinics Network
Canadian Cardiovascular Society
Canadian Diabetes Association
Canadian Health Network
Cardiac Rehabilitation and
Prevention Patient Info
Cardiosource
Canadian Hypertension Society
emedicine.com
Family Doctor.org
healthcommunities.com
Health Canada
Health Canada-Adult Health Interactive
Health Canada-Healthy Heart Kit
Health Care Information Resources
Health-Heart.org
(Nutrition, Health & Heart Disease)
Healthy Ontario
Heart Disease
Heart Failure Online
Heart Failure Society of America
HeartInfo.org
Heart Valve Disease-Medtronic
Heart Valve Disease-St. Jude Medical
HeartInfo-Heart Information Network
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
HeartPoint Home Page
High Blood Pressure Treatment News
MedBroadcast
MEDEM Healthcare Information
Medlineplus
National Women’s Health
Information Center
(USPHS/Office on Women’s Health)
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
National Stroke Association
Pacemaker Club
Pacemakers-Guidant
Pacemakers-Medtronic
Pacemakers St Jude Medical
34
http://www.aboutatrialfibrillation.com
http://www.diabetes.org
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1200000
http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/3457.html
http://www.ptca.org/
http://www.medtronicave.com/noflash/patients/home.shtml
http://www.cchfcn.org/english/index.htm
http://www.ccs.ca
http://www.diabetes.ca
http://www.canadian-health-network.ca/
http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/cardiology/rehab/patientinfo.html
http://www.cardiosource.com/
http://www.chs.md/index2.html
http://www.emedicine.com/
http://familydoctor.org/
http://www.healthcommunities.com/health/
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/ah-sa_e.html
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/ccdpc-cpcmc/
hhk-tcs/english/index_e.htm
http://www-hsl.mcmaster.ca/tomflem/top.html
http://www.health-heart.org/acceuil.htm
http://www.healthyontario.com/english/index.asp
http://www.merck.com/disease/heart
http://www.heartfailure.org
http://hfsa.org
http://www.heartinfo.org/
http://www.medtronic.com/cardiac/heartvalves
http://www.sjm.com/4.0/4.0.jsp
http://www.heartinfo.com/hinf_hp.html
http://ww2.heartandstroke.ca
http://www.heartpoint.com/index.html
http://www.merck.com/disease/hypertension/
http://www.medbroadcast.com/about_us/
http://www.medem.com/MedLB/sub_detaillb.cfm?parent_
id=68&act=disp
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
http://www.4woman.gov
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/index.htm
http://www.stroke.org/
http://www.pacemakerclub.com/index.htm
http://www.guidant.com/condition/arrhythmia/
http://www.medtronic.com/patients/heart.html
http://www.sjm.com/4.0/4.3/4.3.shtm
Version - July 2004
Society of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists of Canada: Heart
Disease and Women
St. Michael’s Cardiac Prevention
& Rehabilitation Centre
The Health Infopark
Up To Date-Patient Resource Center
Virtual Hospital Home Page
WebMD.com
World Health Association
You Can Quit Smoking Tearsheets
http://sogc.medical.org/SOGCnet/sogc_docs/
common/pub_ed/english/heartdisease/index.htm
http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/content/programs/
cardiac/index.asp
http://www.merck.com/disease
http://www.uptodate.com/patient_info/patient_info_
index.asp?user=patient
http://www.vh.org
http://WebMD.com
http://www.who.ch
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/tearsheeteng.pdf
Patient Education Books
All of the following books may be available at yout local Chapters or Indigo book
stores or by visitng the website: www.chapters.indigo.ca.
Stroke-Free for Life: The Complete Guide to Stroke Prevention and Treatment
Author: David O Wiebers
Get With The Program
Author: Bob Greene
Everything Stress Management Book
Author: Eve Adamson
Take A Load Off Your Heart: 114 Things You Can Do to Prevent or Reverse
Heart Disease
Author: Joseph Piscatella
Leslie Beck’s Nutrition Encyclopedia:
Managing Over 75 Health Concerns with Diet, Vitamins, Minerals and Herbs
Author: Leslie Beck
The Ultimate Healthy Eating Plan: That Still Leaves Room for Chocolate
Author: Liz Pearson
Thriving With Heart Disease
Author: SOTILE
Women are Not Small Men: Life-Saving Strategies for Preventing and Healing
Heart Disease in Women
Author: Nieca Goldberg
Version - July 2004
35
The New 8-Week Cholesterol Cure: The Ultimate Program for Preventing
Heart Disease
Author: Robert E. Kowalski
Reversing Heart Disease
Author: Julian Whitaker M.D
Dr. Dean Ornish’s Program For Reversing Heart Disease
Author: Dean Ornish
Recovering from Heart Disease in Body & Mind: Medical and Psychological
Strategies for Living with Coronary Artery Disease
Author: Brian Baker, Paul Dorian
The Healing Power of Exercise: Your Guide to Preventing and Treating Diabetes,
Depression, Heart Disease, High Blood Pressure, Arthritis, and More
Author: Linn Goldberg
The Heart Disease Breakthrough: What Even Your Doctor Doesn’t Know About
Preventing a Heart Attack
Author: Thomas Yannios
Her Healthy Heart: Womans Gd To Preventing & Reversing Heart Disease
Author: Linda Ojeda
Beyond Cholesterol: The Johns Hopkins Complete Guide for Avoiding
Heart Disease
Author: Peter OJr. Kwiterovich
The Human Heart: A Basic Guide to Heart Disease
Author: Brendan Phibbs
Reversing Heart Disease: The Nonsurgical Approach
Author: Julian Whitaker
Heart Fitness for Life: The Essential Guide for Preventing and Reversing
Heart Disease
Author: MARY P MCGOWAN, Jo Mcgowan Chopra
The Carbohydrate Addict’s Healthy Heart Program: Break Your Carbo-Insulin
Connection to Heart Disease
Author: Richard F. Heller
36
Version - July 2004
Cooking Ala Heart Cookbook: Delicious Heart Healthy Recipes to Reduce Risk of
Heart Disease & Stroke, Second Edition
Author: Linda Hachfeld, Betsy Eykyn
Stress Diet And Your Heart
Author: Dean Ornish
The Mediterranean Diet: Reaping Nature’s Bounty for Leaner, Heart-Healthy Living
Author: Marissa Cloutier
American Heart Association Low-salt Cookbook, Second Edition: A Complete
Guide to Reducing Sodium and Fat in Your Diet
Author: AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION
The Mediterranean Heart Diet
Author: Helen Fisher
The Living Heart Diet
Author: Michael E. DeBakey, Antonio Gotto
The Homocysteine Revolution
Author: KILMER S MCCULLY
Homocysteine in Health and Disease
Published By Cambridge University Press | Published 2001
Heart Revolution: Medical Breakthrough That Cuts Your Risk of Heart Disease,
Lowers Homocysteine Levels and Helps You Live a Longer, Healthier Life
Author: Kilmer McCully
Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution
Author: Robert C. Atkins
Anne Lindsay’s New Light Cooking
Author: Anne Lindsay
The New Lighthearted Cookbook: Recipes for Healthy Heart Cooking
Author: Anne Lindsay
Version - July 2004
37
XV. EVALUATION
Please help us assess the value of this booklet. Return to Dr. Niznick or mail to his
office on completion:
Joel Niznick MD FRCPC
502-1355 Bank St.
Ottawa, Ontario
K1H 8K7
613-738-1584
Fax 738-9097
Place a check mark in the ranking box:
Not at all
A little
Moderately
A lot
Yes!!!
The booklet was informative
The booklet was easy to read
The booklet made me nervous
The booklet settled my anxieties
The booklet was too complicated
The booklet answered my questions
The pictures & diagrams frightened me
The pictures & diagrams made things clearer
There should be more pictures & diagrams
Other areas I’d like to see covered include:
Specific diet sheets on:
Yes
No
Hypertension-low salt
Hypertension-potassium replacement
Low cholesterol
Heart failure-no salt
Diabetes
38
Version - July 2004
Other areas I’d like to see covered continued:
Yes
No
More on non-traditional risk factors
• Anti-oxidants
• Vitamin E
• Homocysteine
• Others-list:
Available cardiac wellness programs
Available cardiac rehab programs
Smoking cessation programs
Psychological support information and programs
Spousal support information and programs
Other-list:
My major source of information on heart disease will be:
This booklet
My cardiologist
The nurses
My family doctor
Books
TV
Computer-the internet
Education and rehab programs
Other-list:
General Comments:
Version - July 2004
39
XVII. APPENDICIES
40
appendix a
A Simple Approach to Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
appendix b
Heart Failure: Do’s and Dont’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
appendix c
Restricted Sodium Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
appendix d
Potassium Replacement Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
appendix e
How to Adjust Your Diuretic Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
appendix f
Beta Blocker Titration Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
appendix g
Daily Weight, Exercise and Edema (Swelling) Record . . . . . . . . . . . 50
appendix h
Heart Failure Patient Education Tracking Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Version - July 2004
A. A SIMPLE APPROACH TO HEART FAILURE
Version - July 2004
41
B. HEART FAILURE: DO’S AND DON’TS
DO:
1. Get plenty of rest
2. Avoid salt in your diet, at the table and in your canned or
processed foods
3. Keep as active as you can
4. Take all your medicines as directed
5. Weigh yourself frequently and keep a weight diary-increasing
weight can be an early sign of worsening heart failure.
!!! Report any increase in weight or 2.2 lbs ( 1 kg) over 24 hours
or 5 lbs over 1 week.
6. Report any change in symptoms to your doctor
7. Drink alcohol only in moderation or not at all if your doctor
directs
8. Learn about your condition
9. Obtain yearly flu shots
10.Control other cardiac risk factors and conditions (see section
cardiac risk factors)
DO NOT:
1. Eat a lot of salt (salt leads to fluid retention)
2. Drink excessive fluids – in general no more than 6-8 cups of
fluid/day
3. Smoke
4. Drink excessive alcohol
5. Skip your medications or adjust them without the direction of
your physician
6. Take over the counter medications, particularly anti-inflammatory
agents, without alerting your physician
42
Version - July 2004
C. RESTRICTED SODIUM DIET (2 g / 87 mmol sodium)
Look for foods with 250mg or less sodium content. 1 full meal = Less than 400mg sodium
•
Use herbs and spices to flavour foods. Maximum 1 tsp (5 mL) of salt allowed per day in the cooking of food.
•
Do not add salt at the table.
•
Avoid salty prepackaged foods such as snack foods, convenience foods, and fast foods.
•
Read labels carefully.
•
Salt substitutes may be used. Check with your physician.
•
Some medications, such as laxatives and antacids, contain sodium. Check with your physician or
pharmacist. Read labels on packaged foods carefully.
•
Foods listing salt or sodium at the beginning of the ingredient list are high in salt. Some labels use the
symbol “Na” for sodium. Foods containing less than 250mg sodium per serving are appropriate.
Foods to Choose:
Foods to Avoid:
Grain Products
Breads: fresh bread, rolls, or muffins (without cheese)
Bread and biscuit mixes, commercial muffins
Crackers: graham, melba toast, rice cakes
English muffins
(plain only), reduced salt crackers, and matzoh
Salted crackers
Cereals: cooked cereals without salt
Packaged instant cooked cereals
Dry Cereals: Muffets, Shredded Wheat, puffed rice
Packaged breading products and stuffing mixes
or wheat
Pre-seasoned rice or pasta products
Rice or pasta prepared without salt
Commercial waffles and pancakes
Packaged rice and pasta - flavoured
Vegetables and Fruits
All fruits and fruit juices (fresh, frozen, canned, or
Artificial fruit flavoured crystals with sodium additives
dried without sodium additives)
Regular canned vegetables and vegetable juices
Fresh or frozen (no salt added) vegetables
Pickled vegetables (e.g. sauerkraut)
Canned low sodium vegetables
Instant or canned potatoes
Fresh or low sodium tomato or vegetable juice
Regular canned tomatoes and tomato or spaghetti
Low sodium tomato paste, canned tomatoes and
sauce. No canned tomato/vegetable or clamato
tomato sauce
juice (unless low sodium)
Milk Products
Milk, cream, yogurt, sour cream, chocolate milk
Buttermilk, malted milk, evaporated or condensed milk
Limit Instant Breakfast to 1 cup (250 mL) per day
Hot chocolate mixes
Low sodium cheese and cottage cheese
Regular cheese or processed cheese slices or spreads
Meat and Alternatives
Meat, poultry, and fish without salt or sodium
products
Eggs
Salted, smoked, cured, or pickled meat, fish, and
poultry – luncheon meats, bacon, ham, sausages,
wieners, sardines, herring Pickled eggs
Unsalted peanut butter, nuts, and seeds
Version - July 2004
43
C. RESTRICTED SODIUM DIET (cont’d)
Foods to Choose (cont’d):
Foods to Avoid (cont’d):
Meat and Alternatives (cont’d)
Salted peanut butter, nuts, and seeds
Convenience foods (e.g. canned: stews, pastas, beans)
Fast foods (e.g. hamburgers, pizza)
Fats and Oils
Any except those on opposite list
Bacon fat
Packaged gravies, sauces, salad and vegetable dips
Commercial salad dressings
Sweets
Any except those on opposite list
Commercial cakes, pies, pastries, desserts, instant
pudding mixes
Snack Foods - unsalted only
Unsalted popcorn (air popped)
Salted chips, cheezies, pretzels, and popcorn
Beverages
Any except those on opposite list
Water treated with water softener
Mineral waters with a sodium content greater than
250 mg Na/L
Ovaltine and sports beverages such as Gatorade
Soups
Low sodium broth or canned soups,
Meat extracts (e.g. bouillon, Oxo)
Homemade soups (made without salt)
Regular canned soups or dried soup mixes
Seasonings and Condiments
Unsalted herbs and spices
Sea salt, seaweed
Dry mustard
Salted herbs (e.g. garlic salt)
Vanilla extract, lemon, lime, vinegar, cocoa
Meat tenderizers
Salt-free condiments (e.g. salt-free ketchup)
MSG (monosodium glutamate)
Limit of 1 tsp (5 mL) per day of the following:
Salt substitutes containing salt (e.g. Lite Salt)
barbeque, steak and Worcestershire sauces,
Regular pickles, olives, and relishes
horseradish, ketchup, prepared mustard, relish, salsa
Soya sauce and oriental sauces (e.g. teriyaki)
Fast Foods
Most contain very high levels of salt/sodium. To verify
the sodium content of foods, ask for the company’s
“Nutritional Guide” or go to their website.
Revised by Helene Charlebois, BSc., RD.
44
Version - July 2004
D. POTASSIUM REPLACEMENT DIET
Potassium (also known as ‘K+’) is a mineral which is found in the blood and in the cells
of the body. Potassium is needed for normal muscle and nerve function. The kidneys
regulate the amount of potassium in the body. Some diuretics (blood pressure or
“water” pills) can cause the body to excrete too much potassium. In order to maintain
normal muscle function in the body, potassium loss must be replaced. This potassium
can be replaced by consuming foods high in potassium. Potassium is found in foods
in all four food groups in Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating, especially in the
vegetable and fruit group. Include a variety of foods rich in potassium in your daily diet.
Guidelines
• Eat vegetables and fruit raw as often as possible.
• Serve canned fruit in its juice (juice contains potassium).
• Use cooking methods such as: steaming, stir frying, microwaving, or baking, which
keeps the potassium in the foods. Leave skins on when cooking vegetables and
fruits.
• If you boil vegetables, use a small amount of water because potassium is lost in the
cooking water. Use this water for soups and sauces.
• Check with your physician when using a salt substitute that contains potassium.
Grain Products - Most whole wheat products contain K+
Bran and whole grain cereals (e.g. All Bran, Bran Buds, Raisin Bran)
Whole grain breads (e.g. dark rye, pumpernickel)
Granola
English Muffins - whole wheat
Wheat germ
Vegetables - High K+ = tomatoes, potatoes
Beet greens, chard, lima beans, potato - white or sweet (with skins), squash - winter
or pumpkin, parsnips, asparagus, Brussel sprouts, spinach, rutabaga / turnip, peas,
beans, carrots, cauliflower, corn, celery, beets, tomato, cabbage, mushrooms
Fruits - High K+ = all citrus fruit and juice, bananas
Avocado, papaya, banana, orange, dried fruits - apricots, raisins, dates, prunes, figs,
melons - cantaloupe, honeydew, watermelon, apricots, kiwi, nectarines, mango, fruit
cocktail, rhubarb, pear, peach, pineapple, grapefruit, plums, strawberries, raspberries,
apple
Juices
Orange, prune, grapefruit, pineapple, tomato, vegetable
Milk Products
Malted milk
Ovaltine (made with milk)
Version - July 2004
45
E. HOW TO ADJUST YOUR DIURETIC DOSE
Congestive heart failure is not a static (unchanging) condition. Heart failure may
deteriorate for a variety of reasons. For instance: excessive salt or fluid intake, intercurrent
illness such as flu or pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmias, anemia, medications which cause
salt retention such as anti-inflammatory medications, episodes of angina, heart attacks
etc.; all may worsen heart failure. Sometimes however, the patient with heart failure
worsens for no apparent reason. The educated patient must know how to anticipate
deterioration, and to know how to react to it in order to correct the deterioration before
it becomes serious. Just as when steering a car, the heart failure patient must adjust to
changes in their condition in order to stay on course. A little too wet and they become
congested and short of breath. A little too dry and they become weak, fatigued and dizzy.
When your doctor examines your neck, he is looking at your veins to assess how much
fluid is in the circulatory system. Although the patient cannot do this, paying attention
to your condition, particularly how you feel, how much swelling is present at the ankles
and your body weight can give a pretty good indication of your fluid status. A little bit of
swelling of the ankles at the end of the day is normal and indicates sufficient fluid in the
circulatory system to allow a weakened heart to pump normally. More than a trace
of swelling at the ankles indicates fluid excess. This fluid may re-enter the central
circulation when you lie down, awakening you with shortness of breath or forcing you
to sleep on several pillows for comfort. Similarly if your weight goes up by more than
2-3 pounds (1.0 kg) in one day or by 5 pounds (2.5 kg) over a week, the body may be
retaining too much fluid and worsening heart failure may ensue.
To monitor your own fluid status:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Weigh yourself daily
Weigh yourself at the same time every day-before breakfast is best.
Use the same scale all the time
Wear the same amount of clothes when you weigh yourself
Empty your bladder before weighing
Record your weight on a daily record
The weight at which there is just a little bit of swelling in the ankles at the end of the
day is your ideal weight-try and maintain it
8. When taking diuretics avoid drinking too much in the way of fluids, even if your
mouth is dry and you feel thirsty. This could counter the effect of the diuretic and
dilute the body’s salts causing weakness and confusion.
9. You should drink no more than 2000 ml (8 glasses or cups) of fluid per day, or
whatever amount is prescribed for you.
10.If your weight goes up by more than 2-3 pounds (1.0 kg) in one day or by 5
pounds (2.5 kg) over a week adjust your diuretic according to the diuretic
sliding scale or call your nurse or doctor.
46
Version - July 2004
Diuretic 1:
Take extra furosemide according to following sliding scale.
Diuretic dose
Dosing frequency
Sliding scale adjustment
Furosemide 20 mg
AM daily
Extra 20 mg in PM
Furosemide 40 mg
AM daily
Extra 40 mg in PM
Furosemide 80 mg
AM daily
Extra 40 mg in PM. If needed
increase to extra 80 mg in PM
Furosemide 20 mg
Twice daily
Extra 20 mg in AM
Furosemide 40 mg
Twice daily
Extra 40 mg in AM
Furosemide 80 mg
Twice daily
Extra 40 mg at noon. If needed
increase to extra 80 mg at noon.
Cut back to usual diuretic dose as weight, swelling and symptoms permit
Diuretic 2:
Some times one diuretic medication is insufficient to control fluid overload. A second
diuretic is needed. This diuretic is usually taken in low dose and intermittently as
required (PRN). Combining diuretics can produce a very potent effect resulting in
excess dehydration. Only your physician should make adjustments of these diuretics.
Diuretic dose (mg)
Dosing frequency
Sliding scale adjustment
HCT* 12.5
HCT 25
* hydrochlorthiazide
Indapamide 1.25
Indapamide 2.5
Indapamide 5.0
Metalozone 1.25
Metalozone 2.5
Metalozone 5
Spironolactone 12.5
Spironolactone 25
Spironolactone 50
Dyazide
Moduret
Aldactazide 25
Version - July 2004
47
F. BETA BLOCKER TITRATION PROTOCOLS
Standard Protocol: Start Low and Go Slow: Follow-up Q 2 weeks
__ Bisoprolol:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bisoprolol 1.25 mg OD X 2 weeks then
Bisoprolol 2.5 mg OD X 2 weeks then
Bisoprolol 5.0 mg OD X 2 weeks then
Titrate to 10 mg OD if HR, BP and HF allow.
__ Carvedilol:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Carvedilol 3.125 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Carvedilol 6.25 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Carvedilol 12.5 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Carvedilol 25 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Titrate to 50 mg BID if weight > 85 kg if HR, BP and HF allow.
__ Metoprolol:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Metoprolol 12.5 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Metoprolol 25 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Metoprolol 50 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Continue up-titration to 75 mg BID if HR, BP and HF allow.
Adjusting recommendations - concomitant medications:
1. Dizziness
1) diuretic
2) ß-blocker
2. Worsening HF
1) diuretic
2) ß-blocker
3) d/c ß-blocker
3. Bradycardia < 50bpm
1) ß-blocker
2) d/c ß-blocker
48
Version - July 2004
Modified Protocol: Start Lower and Go Slower: Follow-up Q 4 weeks
__ Bisoprolol:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bisoprolol 1.25 mg EOD X 2 weeks then
Bisoprolol 1.25 mg OD X 2 weeks then
Bisoprolol 2.5 mg OD X 2 weeks then
Bisoprolol 5.0 mg OD X 2 weeks then
Titrate to 10 mg OD if HR, BP and HF allow.
__ Carvedilol:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Carvedilol 3.125 mg OD X 1 week then
Carvedilol 3.125 mg BID X 1 week then
Carvedilol 3.125 mg TID X 1 week then
Carvedilol 6.25 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Carvedilol 6.25 mg TID X 2 weeks then
Carvedilol 12.5 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Carvedilol 12.5 mg TID X 2 weeks then
Carvedilol 25 mg BID then
Titrate to 50 mg BID if weight > 85 kg if HR, BP and HF allow.
__ Metoprolol:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Metoprolol 12.5 mg OD X 2 weeks then
Metoprolol 12.5 mg BID X 2 weeks then
Metoprolol 12.5 mg TID X 2 weeks then
Metoprolol 25 mg BID X 4 weeks then
Metoprolol 25 mg TID X 4 weeks then
Metoprolol 50 mg BID X 4 weeks then
Continue up-titration to 75 mg BID if HR, BP and HF allow.
Adjusting concomitant medications:
1. Dizziness
1) diuretic
2) ß-blocker
2. Worsening HF
1) diuretic
2) ß-blocker
3) d/c b-blocker
3. Bradycardia < 50bpm
1) ß-blocker
2) d/c ß-blocker
Version - July 2004
49
G. DAILY WEIGHT, EXERCISE AND EDEMA (SWELLING) RECORD
Date
Y/M/D
Weight
(lbs/kg)
Target
HR
Exercise
Duration
RPE
1-10
Symptoms
Edema *
Swelling
*Grading of edema: Trace = indent at ankle; 1+ = indent at shin; 2+ = indent at knee
3+ = indent above knee; 4+ = generalized (hips, abdomen, low back)
50
Version - July 2004
Date
Y/M/D
Weight
(lbs/kg)
Target
HR
Exercise
Duration
RPE
1-10
Symptoms
Edema *
Swelling
*Grading of edema: Trace = indent at ankle; 1+ = indent at shin; 2+ = indent at knee
3+ = indent above knee; 4+ = generalized (hips, abdomen, low back)
Version - July 2004
51
Date
Y/M/D
Weight
(lbs/kg)
Target
HR
Exercise
Duration
RPE
1-10
Symptoms
Edema *
Swelling
*Grading of edema: Trace = indent at ankle; 1+ = indent at shin; 2+ = indent at knee
3+ = indent above knee; 4+ = generalized (hips, abdomen, low back)
52
Version - July 2004
H. Heart Failure Patient Education Tracking Checklist
Topic
Taught by
Date
Understood
Additional Questions/Needs
How the heart works
What is CHF
• causes
• triggers
• symptoms
Symptoms of heart disease
• angina
• heart attack
• arrhythmia
Lifestyle changes/
Risk factors in HF
• low salt diet
• potassium replacement
• exercise/activity
• smoking cessation
• hypertension Rx
• diabetes Rx
• cholesterolRx
• depression Rx
• inactivity
• obesity
• stress
Exercise Rx
• HR target
• frequency/duration
• type
Cardiac tests/procedures
• echo/Doppler
• TEE
• Stress testing
Version - July 2004
• Holtermonitor
• Stress nuclear testing
• Gated nuclear angiogram
53
Exercise Rx
• HR target
• frequency/duration
• type
Cardiac tests/procedures
• echo/Doppler
• TEE
• Stress testing
• Holtermonitor
• Stress nuclear testing
• Gated nuclear angiogram
• cardiac catheterization
• angioplasty
• bypass surgery
• cardiac resynchronization
therapy
• AICD
Medications Rx
• digoxin
• diuretics
• ACE inhibitor
• ARB’s
• nitrate/hydralazine
• beta blocker
• calcium channel blocker
• nitroglycerin
• anti-arrhythmics
• aspirin
• Plavix
• anti-coagulants
HF self monitoring
• Do’s & Don’ts
• symptoms
• weight
• edema
• HR
• diuretic adjustment
• beta blocker adjestment
54
• ACE/ARB targets
Publication of this Guide has been made possible
by unrestricted grants from:
www.cvtoolbox.com