Download CLAVICLE (collar bone)

BONES STUDY GUIDE
CLAVICLE
1. sternal extremity (end) –flat end
2. acromial extremity (end) –rounded end
3. conoid tubercle (“cone shaped”) –near round end
SCAPULA Right or left scapula?
1. Superior border (superior margin)
2. Medial border (vertebral margin)
3. Lateral border (axillary margin)
4. Glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)
5. Infraglenoid tubercle
6-7. inferior angle, superior angle
8. Scapular spine
9. Acromion process
10. Coracoid process (“hook shaped”)
11. Scapular notch (suprascapular notch)
12-14. supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa
How to tell R and L Scapula:
Hold the scapula by the spine and place
the subscapular fossa behind you on top of
your own shoulder blade (smooth side
against your skin). The glenoid cavity
should face laterally, not towards the
vertebral column.
HUMERUS. Right or left?
1. Head
2. Greater tubercle
3. Lesser tubercle
4. Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
5. Anatomical neck
6. Surgical neck
7. Deltoid tuberosity
8. Medial epicondyle
9. Lateral epicondyle (skip)
10. Capitulum
11. Trochlea
12. Supracondylar ridges (medial and lateral)
13. Coronoid fossa
14. Radial fossa
15. Olecranon fossa
ULNA. Right or left?
1. Olecranon process
2. Coronoid process (“crow’s beak”)
3. Semilunar notch (trochlear notch)
4. Radial notch
5. Styloid process
6. Head
How to tell R and L Humerus:
Hold the humerus on the anterior surface
of your arm with the olecranon fossa
touching your skin (facing posteriorly).
What direction is the head facing? It
should be should face medially towards
the body.
How to tell R and L Ulna:
Bend your elbow 90 degrees, then place
the ulna on your forearm with the
semilunar notch facing the ceiling. The
radial notch should be on the thumb side,
not the pinky side because the radius is on
the thumb side.
RADIUS
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Radial tuberosity
4. Styloid process
5. Ulnar notch
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CARPALS
1. TRAPEZIUM (by the thumb)
2. TRAPEZOID (right beside thumb)
3. CAPITATE (base of 3rd met)
4. HAMATE (base of 4-5th mets)
5. TRIANGULAR (lateral-most)
6. PISIFORM (on palmar side, under triangular)
7. LUNATE (the one next to scaphoid)
8. SCAPHOID (the largest; near the thumb)
Mnemonic for carpals:
“Physical Therapy Lots of Studying, Time
To Come Home”.
Physical: pisiform
Therapy: triangular
Lots: lunate
Studying: scaphoid
Time: trapezium
To: trapezoid
Come: capitates
Home: hamate
METACARPALS; They are numbered metacarpal 1-5.
PHALANGES: Proximal, intermediate, distal, (“distal phalanx of digit 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5”)
SKULL
Frontal bone
1. Coronal suture
2. Supraorbital foramen (supraorbital notch)
3. Superior orbital fissure
4. Inferior orbital fissure (actually, this is part of the sphenoid bone)
Parietal bones
1. Sagittal suture
2. Squamous suture (squamosal suture)
Occipital bone
1. Lambdoidal suture
2. Foramen magnum (for spinal cord and vertebral arteries)
3. Occipital condyles
4. Hypoglossal canal (for hypoglossal nerve)
Temporal bones
1. External auditory meatus (eternal acoustic meatus)
2. Mandibular fossa
3. Zygomatic process (don’t write “zygomatic” since that is another bone)
4. Styloid process
5. Mastoid process
6. Squamous portion
7. Petrous portion (contains the ear ossicles/bones)
8. Jugular foramen (for jugular vein)
9. Internal auditory meatus (internal acoustic meatus for vestibulocochlear nerve)
2
Sphenoid bone
1. Sella turcica (where the pituitary gland sits)
2. Lesser wings
3. Greater wings
4. Optic foramen (for optic nerve)
5. Pterygoid processes (“wing-like”)
6. Foramen ovale (for trigeminal nerve)
7. Foramen spinosum
8. Foramen rotundum (for trigeminal nerve)
9. Carotid canal (for carotid artery; actually, this canal is part of the temporal bone)
10. Foramen lacerum
Optic foramen
Foramen lacerum
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Internal
auditory
meatus
Carotid canal
Foramen magnum
Jugular
Foramen
Ethmoid bone
1. Crista galli
2. Cribiform plate (area with holes in it for olfactory nerves)
3. Olfactory foramina (the holes in the cribiform plate)
4. Ethmoid sinuses
5. Perpendicular plate
6. Middle nasal conchae
3
Mandible
1. Ramus
2. angle
3. Body
4. Condylar process (mandibular condyle)
5. Mandibular notch
6. Coronoid process
7. Alveolar process
8. Mental foramen
9. Mandibular foramen
Study Tip:
Don’t get the conoid (“cone shaped”)
tubercle of the clavicle mixed up with the
coracoid (“hook shaped”) process of the
scapula or the coronoid (“crow’s beak
shaped”) process of the ulna and of the
mandible!
Scapula has a “c” and so does coraCoid.
Ulna and Mandible have an “n” and so
does coroNoid.
BONES OF THE
ORBIT
Maxilla
1. Alveolar processes
2. Maxillary sinuses (skip)
3. Zygomatic process
4. Infraorbital foramen (for trigeminal nerve)
5. Incisive foramen
Frontal bone
Other skull bones:
1. Zygomatic bones
2. Nasal bones
3. Lacrimal bones
4. Palatine bones
5. Vomer bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
FETAL SKULL
1. Anterior fontanel
2. Posterior fontanel
3. Sphenoid fontanel
4. Mastoid fontanel
Zygomatic bone
EAR BONES
1. Malleus (mallet shaped)
2. Incus (anvil shaped)
3. Stapes (stirrup shaped)
Maxilla bone
NOTE: Do not use the terms hammer,
anvil, and stirrup on the exam!
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Frontal bone
Ethmoid
bone
Sphenoid
bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
BONES OF THE ORBIT
Superior orbit: Frontal bone
Inferior orbit: Maxilla
Lateral orbit: Zygomatic bone
Medial orbit: Ethmoid
Posterior orbit: Sphenoid
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CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse processes (skip)
3. Lamina
4. Pedicle (skip)
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen
7. Transverse foramina
ATLAS (Don’t just call it C-1)
AXIS (Don’t just call it C-2)
1. Dens
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse processes with articular facet
3. Lamina
4. Pedicle
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen
7. Inferior articular processes
8. Superior articular processes
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse processes
3. Lamina
4. Pedicle
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen
7. Inferior articular processes
8. Superior articular processes
KNOW THE FOLLOWING ON A FULL SKELETON VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
1. Intervertebral foramina
2. Intervertebral disc
SACRUM
1. Sacral canal
2. sacral foramina
3. median sacral crest
4. ala
5. Auricular surface (on the ala)
6. Sacral promontory (upper lip of sacrum on internal side)
COCCYX
1. Apex
2. Base
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STERNUM
MANUBRIUM
Jugular notch
Clavicular notches
Costal notches
BODY
Costal notches
XIPHOID PROCESS
RIBS: (Twelve ribs altogether)
Know the following on a full skeleton only
7 TRUE RIBS
5 FALSE RIBS (2 of these ribs are the floating ribs)
2 FLOATING RIBS
COSTAL CARTILAGES
Know the following on a single rib
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Articular tubercle
4. Costal angle
How to tell true from false rib:
A true rib inserts directly into the sternum
(by way of its costal cartilage).
A false rib’s costal cartilage inserts into
the costal cartilage of the rib above it.
Two of the false ribs are floating ribs that
have no costal cartilages and do not insert
into the sternum at all.
HYOID BONE
1. Cornu
LOWER EXTREMITY
OS COXA: The fusion of 3 bones during childhood (ileum, ischium, and pubis):
1. Acetabulum
2. Obturator foramen
ILIUM
1. Iliac crest
2. Iliac fossa
3. Anterior superior iliac spine
4. Anterior inferior iliac spine
5. Posterior superior iliac spine
6. Posterior inferior iliac spine
7. Greater sciatic notch
ISCHIUM
1. Ischial spine
2. Ischial tuberosity
3. Lesser sciatic notch
PUBIS
1. Pubic symphysis
2. Pubic arch
3. Pubic crest
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FEMUR (right or left?)
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Greater trochanter
4. Lesser trochanter
5. Gluteal tuberosity
6. Medial condyle
7. Medial epicondyle
8. Lateral condyle
9. Lateral epicondyle (skip)
10. Fovea capitis
11. Linea aspera
12. Popliteal fossa (add this to flashcards)
TIBIA (right or left?)
1. Lateral condyle
2. Medial condyle
3. Tibial tuberosity
4. Medial malleolus
5. Anterior crest
6. Intercondylar eminence
7. Fibular notch
FIBULA
1. Head
2. Lateral malleolus
How to tell R and L Femur:
Place the femur on the anterior surface of
your thigh, with the linea aspera touching
your skin (facing posteriorly). What
direction is the head facing? It should be
should face medially towards the body.
How to tell R and L Tibia:
Place the tibia on the anterior surface of
your leg with the tibial tuberosity facing
anteriorly (not touching your leg). What side
is the medial malleolus on? It should be
medial, towards the midline of the body.
How to tell head from malleolus on fibula:
The head is flatter on top and the malleolus is
pointy at the tip, and the malleolus has its smooth
facet more on the side of the bone, instead of on
the top.
FOOT:
TARSALS:
1. TALUS
2. CALCANEUS
3. NAVICULAR
4. CUBOID
5. CUNEIFORMS (MEDIAL, INTERMEDIATE, LATERAL)
METATARSALS (1-5). The 5th metatarsal has a STYLOID PROCESS (add this to flashcards)
PHALANGES (proximal, intermediate, distal)
PATELLA
1. Apex
2. Base
3. Articular facet
THE KNEE
1. patellar ligament (or patellar tendon)
2. quadriceps tendon
3. lateral collateral ligament (fibular collateral ligament)
4. medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral ligament)
5. lateral meniscus
6. medial meniscus
7. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
8. posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
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HISTOLOGY = “tissues”
I. epithelia
A. simple epithelia
1. simple squamous epithelium (kidney glomerulus)
2. simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney convoluted tubules)
3. simple columnar epithelium (small intestine)
4. pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
B. stratified epithelia
1. stratified squamous epithelia
a. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (skin)
b. non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (esophogus)
2. stratified cuboidal epithelium (skin sweat gland)
3. stratified columnar epithelium (male urethra)
4. transitional epithelium (bladder)
II. fibrous (proper) connective tissues
A. loose fibrous/areolar connective tissue (under epithelia)
B. adipose tissue (under dermis)
C. reticular connective tissue (lymph nodes)
D. dense regular fibrous connective tissue (tendons, ligaments)
E. dense irregular fibrous connective tissue (dermis)
III. special connective tissues
A. cartilages
1. hyaline cartilage (joints, nose, trachea)
2. elastic cartilage (ear)
3. fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs, knee meniscus)
B. bone tissues
1. compact bone (bone shafts: diaphysis)
2. spongy bone (bone ends: epiphysis)
C. blood (in blood vessels)
IV. muscle tissues
A. skeletal (striated) muscle (muscle attached to bones)
B. cardiac muscle (heart)
C. smooth muscle (digestive organs)
V. nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
The structures in bold are not covered in Unit 1
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