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And now for the rest of the story… Liberation: A world theme Western Europe • 1960s Protest mvmts around the world • Example: against bureaucracy, consumerism in France, student led, but supported by middle class when police brutality horrifies public • France withdrawal from NATO Eastern Europe • Czechoslovakia: censorship ends, priv ballots allowed, polt clubs emerge • Soviet Union feels threatened by “Prague Spring”; Uses tanks to crush protests • Simultaneously China experiencing Cult Rev Third World • Developed notions that claim new forms of econ dev; grassroots democracy mvmts • Che Guevera advocates passionate antiimperialism = seen as hero • Martyred when Bolivian milt, trained and backed by US CIA assassinate • Even popular in W among radicals disgusted w/own cult materialistic focus Western Feminism • Achieved suffrage = died out • Revived in 60s w/demand to control own body • Feminine Mystique in US id’ed crisis of educated women unfulfilled by marriage/ motherhood • Emphasis now on empl and educ opportunity Feminism in US • Women live intimately w/oppressors, so couldn’t even see suffering as polt condition • SO…women needed to become aware of own oppression; preferred direct action • Challenged Miss America pageant • Supported open discussions about sexuality Black Feminism in US • Women of color don’t see concerns of white, middle-class feminists as relevant to their lives • Have always worked outside the home • Feel more solidarity with black men than separation from them (under civil rts mvmt) • Focus on racism and poverty of minorities Feminism in South • Asia, Africa, LA welcomed by nationalist and communist leaders = need their support • Once rev/indep achieved, abandoned women • Resent W Fem interest in cult matters like genital cutting/polygamy = cult imperialism! Samples of Southern Feminism • E Africa: 27k assoc of women = took on local projects = water cisterns, schools, create revolving loan programs • Morocco: Target Family Law Code (defined women = minor); successful in overturning in 2004 = can initiate divorce, claim child custody • Chile: invisible in public sphere; able to orgz; mvmt crosses party/class lines, orgz soup kitchens; demand restoration of democracy International Feminism • Gain intl recognition of woman question as global issue like slavery and empire before • UN under pressure from women declare decade of women • 2006 = 183 nations (but NOT US) ratify UN convention to eliminate all forms of discrimination of women International Feminism • Sharp divisions w/I global initiatives • Who has right to speak? Male rep of state? Radical unofficial participants? • N/S division becomes issue at intl conferences • Global backlash = feminism undermines family life, Islamic world offended = fuels rel revivals Speaking of Religion… • With spread of scientific ideologies, intellectuals believe rel on brink of extinction • More prominent trend is spread of rel • Buddhist meditation/yoga adopted in W • Christianity not European anymore • Islam migrates with Muslims intl Fundamentalism • Militant piety; defensive, assertive stance against modernity’s corrupting influences • Modern world threatens customary class, family, gender, relationships • Look to the past for ideals • Extensive educ/propaganda efforts, polt mobilization, and sometimes violence… Fundamentalism in US • Actually started in US as backlash against Darwinian Evol by liberal interp of Christianity • Literal interp of scriptures, belief in miracles • Separation into own churches • Eventually evolve into “religious right” and participate in polt arena w/agenda Fundamentalism in India • Hindutva (Hindu nationalism) poltz of rel • Support from urban middle class and uppercaste people who resent state’s toleration of muslim, sikh, and lower caste interests Fundamentalism in Islam • Effort to renew/reform practices of Islam • Huge disappointments of 70s indep promises not kept when tech and econ gap grows = overcrowded cities, unempl, corruption • Frustrated w/state’s mvmt to privatize rel life Fundamentalism in Islam • Islamic alternative to W models of modernity • Quran/Sharia provide a guide for all life = plan for Islamic modernity • Islamic world in decline & subordinate to W • Effort to return to Islamic principles = Jihad • “Struggle”/“Striving” to please God Evolution of Islamic Fundamentalism • Earliest mvmt 1928 = Egypt Muslim Brthrhood • 1970s young, urban, well-educ adopt modest Islamic dress, more rel observant • Govt of Sudan 1980s adopted Quranic punishments = (amputate hand of theif) • Islamic mvmt provide soc serv not done well by state = growing respect • Embrace tech in line w/Islamic cult Islamic Fundamentals get a bad name • Hamas in Palestine, Hezbollah in Lebanon both supported by Iran target Israel w/suicide bombings and rocket attacks • Response to the Israeli occupations of Arab lands after Six Day War Al-Qaeda • Osama bin Laden = wealthy Saudi Arab creates Al-Qaeda to fund Afghan resistance (US on same side against Soviets!!) • Osama = disillusioned/radicalized when govt allows infidel US troops in Islamic holy land • Finds safe haven in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan • Issue fatwa (rel edict) declaring war on US Haters gonna hate… • Many resist being grouped w/fundamentals • Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Palestine, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon all advocate for interfaith and cross cult dialogue • Has presence in 100 countries = all reject Fundamentalist label • Call for Islamic unity and condemn terrorism Environmentalism is born • Begun in the 1960s • 3 factors that magnify human impact: • 1)explosion of human population – 1.6 bill in 1900 to over 7 bill in 2012 – Aided by Green Revolution, GMOs, and medical advancements • 2)advanced tapping of fossil fuels – Hydroelectricity, natural gas, nuclear power • 3)increased production of indus rev – Grew, even if unevenly, by 40x’s!! Worried much? • • • • • • • • • 2x’s cropland cultivated Deforestation Erosion of soil Extinction of species Air pollution Chlorofluorocarbons Depletion of ozone layer Increases of Carbon Dioxide Global Warming Going Green • Begun in 19th cent w/poets Blake/Wordsworth • Poetry = green and pleasant land lost to satanic mills of indus rev • Followed by wilderness idea = preserve untouched areas (US Nat’l. parks) When it really took off! • 1962 Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring exposed chemical contamination of environment • 14 mill Amer since joined envi orgz (1 in 7) • 1972 Limits to Growth warned of resource exhaustion and collapse of indus soc • 1980s envi takes hold in PING countries N vs. S once again • In PINGs more concerned w/food security, health, and basic survival • Connected to mvmt for soc justice • W defended forests where few live • PINGs trying to protect livelihood of farmers herders as their forests/living areas depleted Western response • • • • Changed values Turned away from materialism Criticism of social hierarchy interwoven Mobilized mvmts against companies rather than negotiate with them Impact? • • • • Motivated legis aimed at pollution control Fostered research of renewable energy source Stimulated UN conferences Felt N initiatives to curtail indus dev of BRICS and PINGS unfair • W argued China/India must agree to limits • Late 2011, 194 countries create climate change treaty binding all to agreement • “One world” thinking = challenge modernity