Download final exam review f12 answers

Anatomy & Physiology
Final Exam Review sheet
Fall 11-12
Name:
Date:
Chapter 1
1. List and define the characteristics of living things.
Digestion- breakdown of food into nutrients that can be absorbed
Respiration- gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, using oxygen to make ATP
Excretion- Removal of a substance
Assimilation-the breakdown and reassembling of nutrients into usable forms
Absorption- the intake of a substance through membranes
Growth- change in size but not necessarily shape
Movement- change in position of a body or of a body part; Motion of and internal organ
Circulation- movement of substances
Reproduction- production of new organisms or cells
Responsiveness- reaction to change inside and outside the body
2. What is homeostasis?
Maintaining stable internal environments
3. What is metabolism?
Sum of all chemical reactions in the body. The characteristics of life collectively make up
all of metabolism.
4. What are the requirements for life?
Food, water, pressure, oxygen, heat
5. Define each level of organization.
Atom- smallest complete unit of matter
Molecule- made of atoms
Macromolecule- made of molecules
Organelles- cell parts
Cells- made of organelles
Tissue- made of cells
Organ- made of tissues
Organ system- made of organs
Organism- made of organ systems
6. What are the different systems of the body and what are the major organs and the
basic functions of each?
SEE CHART FROM CHAPTER ONE for functions and organs
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Urinary
Endocrine
Lymphatic
Reproductive
Chapter 2
7. List the parts of an atom. Where are they located? What are their charges?
Proton- nucleus, positive charge
Neutron- nucleus, neutral charge
Electron- around nucleus, negative charge
8. What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
9. How are isotopes used?
Treat cancer, diagnose illnesses, carbon dating
10. What is the most abundant compound in the human body?
water
11. Sketch a water molecule.
12. What does a valence electron have to do with bonding?
Valence electrons are found in the outer shell and are the electrons that are shared, given
away, or gained during bonding.
13. What is atomic number?
The number of protons in an atom. It also identifies the which element the atom is.
14. What is a covalent bond?
Sharing of electrons
15. What is an ionic bond?
Atoms give and take electrons, become charged (ions), and the ions opposite charges
attracts them to each other forming an ionic bond.
16. What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons?
positive
17. What does a pH of 6 indicate about a substance?
Acidic
18. What does it mean when we say water is a polar molecule?
The atoms do not share the electrons equally so the atoms in the molecule takes on partial
charges
19. What is the difference between an acid and a base?
Acids release hydrogen ions and bases release hydroxide ions.
20. Amino acid is to protein as simple sugar is to carbohydrate_.
21. What are the building blocks of a carbohydrate? What are they used for in the
body? monosaccharide, energy
22. What are the building blocks of a protein? What are the functions of proteins in
the body? amino acids, protein carriers and channels, antibodies, enzymes
(catalysts that speed up chemical reactions), structural material
23. What is a lipid made of? Where would I find lipids in the body?
There are three types of lipids:1) fats (triglycerides) containing 3 fatty acids and a
glycerol, 2) Phospholipids containing 2 fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate and are
found in cell membranes 3) steroids – 4 interconnected rings structures
24. What is a chemical reaction?
When molecules and atoms break and reform bonds.
Chapter 3
25. What cell structure contains the cell’s genetic material?
The chromosomes in the nucleus
26. Where is the nucleolus, chromatin and DNA all found?
Nucleus
27. Which organelle converts chemical energy stored in food into more convenient
forms for the cell to use?
mitochindria
28. Which organelle controls what comes in and leaves the cell?
Cell membrane
29. Which organelle makes proteins using coded instructions from the nucleus?
Ribosomes
30. What is activation energy?
The energy it takes to start a chemical reaction
31. What is an enzyme? How does it act as a catalyst?
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
32. The cell membrane is sometimes described as a fluid mosaic because of the large
molecules that move around on its surfaces. These molecules can be used as
pumps, channels, or attachment points. What type of molecules are these?
Proteins
33. What is diffusion?
The movement of substances from high concentrations to low concentrations
34. Why does diffusion occur?
Molecules are moving and bumping into one another which causes them to spread out
(molecular motion)
35. When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the
molecules are in dynamic equilibrium. What does this mean?
The molecules are moving in and out of the cells in equal amounts. (no NET movement)
36. What is passive transport? Describe the 3 types of passive transport we discussed
in class.
Mechanisms that don’t involve energy. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are all
examples
37. What is osmosis?
Movement of water from high concentrations of water to low concentrations of water
38. Why do cells surrounded by fresh water burst?
There is less solute outside and more water so water moves into the cell.
39. What is active transport? Give an example.
Movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration using a protein
carrier and requiring oxygen
40. What is cell specialization?
Cells taking on specific roles such as a red blood cell, an ostoclasts, etc.
Chapter 4
41. What is released during cellular respiration?
ATP is main product but bi-products include water, carbon dioxide, and heat
42. The starting molecule for glycolysis is GLUCOSE__.
43. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down __glucose___.
44. List the 3 parts of cellular respiration and tell where in the cell each one occurs.
Glycolysis – cytoplasm
Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain- mitochindria
45. Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic process?
Requires oxygen
Chapter 5
46. What are the main tissue types of the body? What is the function of each tissue
type?
Epithelium- covers and lines and protects
Connective- binds, supports, makes blood cells, stores fat
Nervous- sends signals throughout body
Muscle- contracts for movement
47. Differentiate between the 3 types of muscle tissue. Be sure you can give examples
of where each type is located and what it looks like. Which are striated?
Cardiac- heart, striated
Smooth- in walls of hollow organs like stomach and bladder
Skeletal- attach to bones, striated
Chapter 6
48. What is the most important function of the skin?
Protection
49. What makes up the integumentary system?
Hair, skin, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
50. What is hair and nails mainly composed of?
Dead keratinized cells
51. What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
52. What is the top layer of skin composed of?
Epidermis- dead keratinized cells
53. Why is the top layer of skin waterproof?
Keratin builds up in cells
54. How does the skin control body temperature?
Sweats and blood vessels dilate
Chapter 7
55. Differentiate between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Axial- head, neck, and trunk of body
Appendicular- arms and legs
56. What are the major functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, makes blood cells, stores calcium
57. Describe spongy bone.
Bone that is hard but has holes throughout so is light weight
58. What is red bone marrow? What does it do?
Red bone marrow is s soft net like tissue in bones that form blood cells
59. What is the tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds bones called?
periosteum
60. Where can ball and socket joints be found in the body?
Hips and shoulder
61. What is the skeleton of an embryo mainly composed of? What type of bone
development is this?
Cartilage--endochondral
62. What are the 3 main types of bone cells? What does each do?
Osteoblasts- build bone
Osteocytes- were osteoblasts that can no longer make bone matrix
Osteoclasts- breadk down bone
63. What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
Tendons connect muscle to bone
Ligaments connect bone to bone
Chapter 8
64. What is lactic acid fermentation? Where does it occur? How does it make your
muscle feel?
When there is a lack of oxygen during exercise cells switch over to lactic acid
fermentation. The lactic acid produced makes muscles achy
65. What must be done to repay oxygen debt after exercise?
Increased breathing rate and more oxygen had to be taken so lactic acid can be broken
down.
66. What is a neurotransmitter and what does it do?
Chemicals release from synaptic knobs of neurons which cross the synapse and start an
impulse in next neuron
Chapter 13
67. What body system acts like a transportation system?
Cardiovascular (circulatory)
68. What makes up the circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels, blood
69. How does blood flow through the heart?
SEE FLOW CHART FROM CLASS
70. What prevents the oxygen-rich blood on the left side from mixing with the oxygenpoor blood on the right side of the heat?
Septum
71. Compare and contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries take blood away from heart, blood under high pressure
Veins take blood to heart, contain valves, blood is under high pressure, contain three
layers
Capillaries- have a single layer of squamous epithelium and allow exchange between
blood and cells in body,
72. What is the middle layer of the heart called?
Myocardium
73. What are valves and what purpose do they serve in the circulatory/cardiovascular
system?
Valves are flaps of tissue in the heart and veins that keep blood form going backwards.
Chapter 16
74. What is respiration?
Gas exchange and using the oxygen to break down glucose from our food to make ATP
75. What type of tissue is in the lungs?
omit
76. What serves as a passageway for both air and food?
Pharynx
77. What causes air to come into the lungs? What muscle is involved?
Decrease pressure due to increase volume because diaphragm and intercostals muscles
contract
Chapter 15
78. Name the organs of the alimentary canal from mouth to anus in order.
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
79. What is normally found in the stomach? Include enzymes, acids, and food paste.
Gastric juice- pepsin, HCl (hydrochloric acid), mucus
The juice and food mix to become chyme
80. What is mechanical digestion?
Breakdown of food into smaller pieces to increase surface area
81. What mechanical digestion occurs in your stomach?
Mixing waves
82. What does the pancreas do?
Release enzymes and bicarbonate and also produces insulin
83. What are the other accessory organs and their functions?
Salivary glands make saliva
Pancreas (see #90)
Liver- make bile and detoxify substances
Gallbladder – store bile
84. Where does chemical digestion start? What enzyme starts it?
Mouth-- amylase
85. What is chyme? Where is it formed?
Mixture of gastric juice and food found in stomach
86. Where is water extracted in the alimentary canal?
Large intestine
87. What is peristalsis?
Muscular movement that forces food through alimentary canal
88. What are sphincters?
Rings of muscles that control movement of things like food between organs
89. What are the parts of the small intestine in order?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
90. What is the purpose of villi?
Increase surface area in small intestines for more absorption
91. What is the alimentary canal? What organs make it up?
Organs in the digestive tract that food moves through, see #86
92. Where is bile made?
liver
93. Where is stomach acid neutralized?
In the duodenum of small intestine with bicarbonate from pancreas