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Chapter 10: The Worlds of Christendom: Contraction, Expansion, and Division, 500–1300
I. Christian Contraction in Asia and Africa
A. Asian Christianity
1. The challenge of Islam, yet many cases of tolerance
2. Nestorian Christians in the Middle East and China
3. Mongols and Christians
B. African Christianity
1. Coptic Church in Egypt
2. Nubia
3. Ethiopia
II. Byzantine Christendom: Building on the Roman Past
A. The Byzantine State
1. A smaller but more organized Roman Empire
2. Wealth and splendor of the court
3. Under attack from the West and East, 1085–1453
B. The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence
1. Caesaropapism
2. Intense internal theological debates
3. Orthodox/Catholic divide
4. Impact of the Crusades
C. Byzantium and the World
1. Conflicts with Persians, Arabs, and Turks
2. Long-distance trade, coins, and silk production
3. Preservation of Greek learning
4. Slavic world and Cyrillic script
D. The Conversion of Russia
1. Kievan Rus
2. Prince Vladimir of Kiev
3. Doctrine of a “third Rome”
III. Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of Roman Collapse
A. Political Life in Western Europe, 500–1000
1. What was lost with the fall of Rome?
2. What aspects of Rome survived?
3. Charlemagne as a Roman emperor, 800
B. Society and the Church
1. Feudalism and Serfdom
2. Role of the Roman Catholic Church
3. Spreading the faith
4. Conflicts between church and state
C. Accelerating Change in the West
1. New security after 1000
2. High Middle Ages (1000–1300)
3. Revival of long-distance trade
4. Urbanization and specialization of labor
5. Territorial kingdoms, Italian city-states, and German principalities
6. Rise and fall of opportunities for women
D. Europe Outward Bound: The Crusading Tradition
1. Merchants, diplomats, and missionaries
2. Christian piety and warrior values
3. Seizure of Jerusalem, 1099
4. Crusader states, 1099–1291
5. Iberia, Baltic Sea, Byzantium, and Russia
6. Less important than Turks and Mongols
7. Cross-cultural trade, technology transfer, and intellectual exchange
8. Hardening of boundaries
IV. The West in Comparative Perspective
A. Catching Up
1. Backwards Europe
2. New trade initiatives
3. Agricultural breakthroughs
4. Wind and water mills
5. Gunpowder and maritime technology
B. Pluralism in Politics
1. A system of competing states
2. Gunpowder revolution
3. States, the church, and the nobility
4. Merchant independence
C. Reason and Faith
1. Connections to Greek thought
2. Autonomous universities
3. A new interest in rational thought
4. Search for Greek texts
5. Comparisons with Byzantium and the Islamic World
IV. Remembering and Forgetting: Continuity and Surprise in the Worlds of Christendom
A. Christendom’s legacies
B. Misleading history?
Key Terms:
Byzantine Empire
Caesaropapism
Cecilia Penifader
Charlemagne
Constantinople
Crusades
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Ethiopian Christianity
Holy Roman Empire
Icons
Jesus Sutras
Justinian
Kievan Rus
Nubian Christianity
Prince Vladimir of Kiev
Roman Catholic Church
Western Christendom
Big Picture Questions:
1. What accounts for the different historical trajectories of the Byzantine and West European expressions of Christendom?
2. How did Byzantium and Western Europe interact with each other and with the larger world of the third-wave era?
3. In what respects was the civilization of the Latin West distinctive and unique, and in what ways was it broadly comparable to
other third-wave civilizations?
4. How does the evolution of the Christian world in the third-wave era compare with that of Tang and Song dynasty China and of
the Islamic world?
Main Point Questions:
1. In what different ways did the history of the Christianity unfold in various parts of the Afro-Eurasian world during the thirdwave era?
Review Questions:
1. What variations in the experience of African and Asian Christian communities can you identify?
2. In what respects did Byzantium continue the patterns of the classical Roman Empire? In what ways did it diverge from those
patterns?
3. How did Eastern Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Christianity?
4. In what ways was the Byzantine Empire linked to the wider world?
5. How did links to Byzantium transform the new civilization of the Kievan Rus?
6. What replaced the Roman order in Wester Europe?
7. IN what ways was European civilization changing after 1000?
8. What was the impact of the Crusades in world history?
9. How did the historical development of the European West differ from that of Byzantium in the third-wave era?
10. In what ways did borrowing from abroad shape European civilization after 1000?
11. Why was Europe unable to achieve the kind of political unity that China experienced? What impact did this have on the
subsequent history of Europe?
12. In what different ways did classical Greek philosophy and science have an impact in the West in Byzantium, and in the Islamic
world?
Portrait Questions:
1. In what ways did class, family, gender, and natural catastrophe shape Cecelia’s life?
Thematic Analysis:
Social (gender roles and
relations; family and kinship;
racial and ethnic constructions;
social and economic classes)
Political (political structures and
forms of governance; empires;
nations and nationalism; revolts
and revolutions; regional,
transregional, and global
structures and organization)
Interaction (demography and
disease; migration; patterns of
settlement; technology)
Culture (religion; belief systems,
philosophies, ideologies; science
and technology; arts and
architecture)
Economics (agricultural and
pastoral production; trade and
commerce; labor systems;
industrialization; capitalism and
socialism