Download Exploration and Expansion

Exploration and Expansion
Questions Test 5
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What does the Phrase “God, Glory, and Gold” mean?
Why did Albuquerque want control of Melaka?
Why did the Spanish and Portuguese sign the Treaty of
Tordesillas?
• What was the impact of the Spanish settlement on the Native
Americas?
• What products were sent from the Americas to Europe? And
back to America?
Motives and Means
Motives and Means
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Between 1500 and 1800, European nations started expanding.
First Portugal and Spain, then later the Dutch Republic, England and France.
Profits from Asian trade goods became the motive.
In the 1300’s, Marco Polo traveled from Europe to China, and brought back
many new Asian products that people wanted to buy.
Motives and Means
• In the 1400’s, Islam expanded and gained control of the easy land route from
Europe to Asia through Turkey.
• The Ottoman Turkish Empire began.
• The Turks demanded high tribute from European/Asian trade.
• Prices in Europe for Asian goods became very high.
• Europeans began looking for a sea route by-passing the Turks.
Motives and Means
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European merchants, adventurers and state officials began financing trips by sea.
Hopes for economic gain became the drive for exploration.
“… to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich, as all men
desire to do”.
• Conversion of natives into the Catholic Church became a motive.
• European monarchs had at last became rich enough and powerful enough to fund
expeditions to the new world.
The Portuguese Trading Empire
The Portuguese Trading Empire
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Portugal took the lead in exploration.
Prince Henry the Navigator sent fleets along the western shore of Africa (1420).
They discovered a new source of gold.
The southern west coast of Africa is still called the “Gold Coast”.
• Capt. Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope.
The Portuguese Trading Empire
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Captain Gama sailed around the cape and landed on the west coast of India.
He returned to Portugal with a large load of spices and made a huge net profit.
Large fleets of Portuguese ships gained control of the spice trade from the East.
Admiral Albuquerque created a port at Goa on the western shores of India.
The Portuguese Trading Empire
• Soon Albuquerque sailed beyond India to Melaka on the Melay Peninsula.
• From their stronghold there, huge loads of spices were shipped back to Portugal
for huge net profits.
• Also from Melaka, they traded with China and the Spice Islands.
• They had created an international trading empire on a global scale.
The Portuguese Trading Empire
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How did the Portuguese do this?
1. Guns
2. Seamanship
But they were a small country compared with the nations which
followed them with bigger trading empires. (English, Dutch and
French)
The Voyages to the Americas
The Voyages to the Americas
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Educated Europeans already knew the earth was round.
But few understood how big it was.
Columbus convinced Queen Isabella of Spain to finance a trip west to Asia.
In October 1492, he landed in Cuba.
After four(4) voyages, he never found a passage to Asia.
The Voyages to the Americas
• Spain and Portugal decided to “carve up” the newly discovered lands between
themselves.
• The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a line north to south through the Atlantic
Ocean and the eastern most part of South America.
• East of the line would be Portugal’s influence and west would be Spain’s.
The Voyages to the Americas
• This treaty gave the trade around Africa top Portugal and almost all of the “New
World” to Spain.
• Other nations soon started exploring for profit.
• Captain John Cabot of Vienna started exploring the east coast of the Americas
for the English.
• Amerigo Vespucci from Florence explored all over the Americas, and wrote
many letters back home about his lands. (America)
The Voyages to the Americas
• Europeans called the new discoveries the New World, but they were
not new.
• They were millions of natives and huge civilizations already here.
• But disease and a huge “technology gap” created a disaster for the
natives and a huge gain for the Europeans.
The Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire
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The Spanish conquerors were called conquistadors.
They were incredibly successful.
Cortes took three(3) years to conquer Central Mexico.
Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in South America in five(5) years.
Within 30 years 70% of the Americas was under Spanish or Portuguese control.
The Spanish Empire
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By 1535, the Spanish created a colonial administrational system.
Queen Isabella of Spain declared all natives “Indios”, subjects of Spain.
She granted the Spanish conquerors the right to use Native Americans as “labor”.
They were used as labor on huge sugar plantations, and gold/silver mines.
Native Americans became Spanish slave.
The Spanish Empire
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Force labor, starvation, measles, smallpox and typhus killed millions.
The population of Hispaniola (Cuba) fell from 250,000 to 500 in 10 years.
In Mexico, the population fell from 25 million to one(1) million in fifty(50) years.
The Spanish converted millions to the Catholic Church through missions, schools, hospitals and
the political system.
• European culture replaced the Native American culture.
Economic Impact and Competition
Economic Impact and Competition
• European sought gold and silver.
• Colonists created plantations and ranches to raise sugar, cotton, vanilla, livestock
and other products for export to Europe.
• New American products were potatoes, cocoa, corn and tobacco.
• European goods were shipped by sea to the Americas.
• This was called the Columbian Exchanged.
Economic Impact and Competition
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Portugal dominated the eastern trade to Asia by importing spices, jewels, silk and perfumes.
By the end of 1600, new European nations became rivals to Spain and Portugal.
In Asia, Magellan (sailing for Spain) had conquered the Philippines Islands.
The Spanish carried silver from Mexico to the Philippines and came back with silk and other
luxury goods.
• The English began to control India.
Economic Impact and Competition
• The Dutch created the East India Company and began competing with the
Portuguese and English in Asia.
• Soon the West India Company started competing with the Spanish and
Portuguese in the Americas.
• A Dutch trading colony was built on the east coast of North America (New
Netherlands).
• Soon the French started competing in North America. (Canada and Louisiana).
Economic Impact and Competition
• The English built colonies at Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• The English also seized some Caribbean islands and built plantations.
• All American colonies were linked to their mother European nations through
trade and government.
• An increase in trade produced huge profits and the Commercial Revolution
began.
Economic Impact and Competition
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Mercantilism became the dominate economic thought of the 1600’s.
The mother nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver.
To bring in gold/silver, the nations wanted a favorable balance of trade.
This is the difference in value between imports and exports over time.
Economic Impact and Competition
• To encourage exports, the nations granted subsides to new industries
and improved their transportation systems.
• By placing tariffs on foreign goods, they kept these out of their nation.
• Colonies were considered good sources for raw material and a good
market for finished goods made in the mother nation.
Terms:
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Conquistadors
Colony
Mercantilism
Balance of trade
Gama
Columbus
Cabot
Amerigo
Pizarro
Magellan
The End