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World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 15 The Maritime Revolution, to 1550 Objectives • Be able to compare the routes, motives, and sailing technologies of the people who undertook global maritime expansion before 1450 to the routes, motives, and sailing technologies of the Portuguese and Spanish explorers of 1400-1550 • Be able to explain the environmental, technological, economic and political factors that inspired Portugal and Spain to undertake voyages of exploration. • Understand and be able to explain the reasons for the various different reactions of African and Asian peoples to the Portuguese trading empire. • Be able to describe and account for the Spanish ability to conquer a territorial empire in the Americas. Global Maritime Expansion Pre-1450 • fraught with peril – distances – uncharted waters – receptions • isolation Why at this time? – Faster and cheaper – exciting prospect – technology The Pacific Ocean Malay Peninsula – East Indies – Polynesia • early 400 CE • planned expansion – Kon Tiki (1947) • westward population – Hokulea (1976) • Hawaii to Tahiti • triangular sail • currents, stars, land The Indian Ocean Malayo-Indonesians – Madagascar • Africans • monsoon predictability – dhows • Rise of Islam – – – – demand for valuables commerce over politics Islamic networks commonalities • ethic, language, law The Indian Ocean Ming China – Yongle’s Imperial Fleet • Zheng He • 7 voyages (1405-1433) – Reasons • curiosity • enhancing commerce – silk, metals as gifts • tribute – African / Asian Results • pepper • Swahili silk market • African delegations – Focus on internal matters Atlantic Ocean Vikings – best mariners • Iceland (770) • Greenland (982) Mali Empire – Mansa Muhammad (1300) • Two expeditions Amerindians – Arawak (1000) • West Indies – Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico – N. American mainland European Expansion, 1400-1550 Why now? 1) urban life and trade 2) struggle with Islamic powers 3) intellectual curiosity 4) merchant / ruler alliances Italian city-states – Muslim trade alliance • Venice and Genoa – Mediterranean ships • ill-suited Iberian States – anti-Muslim – risk for return Portuguese Voyages Islamic Weakness – Ceuta, Morocco (1415) • Muslim wealth • caravans – gold and slaves • Henry the Navigator – led attack on Cueta – crusades and commerce – dedication to exploration • Sagres institute • magnetic compass / astrolabe • caravel – fast, strong, maneuverable – W. Africa coastline • ocean wind patterns Portuguese Voyages Raising Funds – Order of Christ • military religious order • Order of Knights Templar -1314 – slavery • W. Africa / Canary Islands – gold trade • Portuguese Crown – Private enterprise • 5-year monopoly – sugar, gold, slaves • Bartolome Dias - (1488) – southern tip of Africa • Vasco da Gama - (1497-98) – India • Pedro Alvares Cabral - (1500) Spanish Voyages Preoccupations – amalgamation – Reconquista – conversion / expulsion Christopher Columbus – – – – Genoese mariner Portugal to Spain rejection Isabella and Ferdinand • “Grand Khan” letter – 1492-1498 voyages • shorter route to Indian Ocean • southern route – “Indians” • New World Spanish Voyages Spanish Voyages America – Amerigo Vespucci – Spain and Portugal • Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494 – East - Portugal • Brazil – West - Spain • Vasco de Balboa - 1513 – Isthmus of Panama • Ferdinand Magellan - 1519-21 – Portugal and Spain – 1st to encircle to globe • Result – colonial empire & trade network Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550 Perception – potential allies – rivals or enemies Western Africa – potential trading partners (gold) • cheaper imports – Portuguese ‘trading’ forts • “few, foul, and vile” • gold for imports / firearms – Benin Kingdom • Catholicism • missionaries • male slaves – Kongo Kingdom • increase in slave trade monopoly Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550 Eastern Africa – Muslim rulers • cool reception • 1505 bombardment – “Christ and commerce” – Malindi • trading position – Ethiopia • Christian alliance • “crucifixes” • patriarchy issue – European presence • minor in 1550 Indian Ocean States Portuguese Arrival - 1498 – poor 1st impression • King Manuel – Portugal’s sea – naval control • • • • superior ships / weapons Goa - 1510 Malacca - 1511 Hormuz - 1515 – trading alliances • Macao - 1557 – Japan / China trade – profit • monopolies • port custom duties Indian Ocean States Portuguese Opposition – Ottoman Turks • Ming / Mughal reaction – landed interests • Port reactions – timid cooperation – evasion / resistance • Portuguese Domination – pepper trade • broke Italian monopoly – spices / luxury goods to Europe – considerable profit – little effect on mainlands The Americas Spanish – territory over trade • isolation – Columbus • Arawak – Hispaniola and Bahamas – stories of gold – 1493 voyage • settlers • servitude • conquistadors – Christianity and commerce – Reconquista The Americas Hernan Cortes - 1519-1521 – slaves and trade • Aztec Empire – enemies • tributary state • human sacrifice – disease – Moctezuma II • 1502-1520 CE – 1520 capture • Inca Empire – disease – Francisco Pizarro - 1532 • 180 men • Atahualpa’s “conversion” Spanish Conquest The Americas Spanish Success 1) isolation – disease – naivete 2) military technology – – – – – steel horses cannon alliances style of fighting 3) Reconquista – forced labor and conversion – land incorporation
