Download Chapter 15 Identifications By Nabeel Iqbal

1.Zheng He: An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle
with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from
southeast Asia to Africa .
2. Arawak: Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of The Caribbean at
the times of Columbus.
3. Henry the Navigator: Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and
directed voyages of exploration down to the western coast of Africa.
4. Caravel: A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and
Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
5. Gold Coast: Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana;
named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.
6. Bartolomeu Dias: The first Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa and
enter the Indian Ocean.
7. Vasco da Gama: He led a Portuguese exploration and sailed around Africa and reached
India.
8. Christopher Columbus: He was a Genoese mariner. His four voyages between 1492
and 1502 established the existence of a vast new world across the Atlantic. Columbus
refused that he had found new continents and peoples, insisting that he had succeeded in
his goal of finding a shorter route to the Indian Ocean than the one the Portuguese had
found.
9. Ferdinand Magellan: Leader of the exploration that was designed to complete
Columbus’s interrupted west-ward voyage by sailing around the Americas and across the
Pacific.
10. Conquistadors: Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico,
Central America, and Peru.
11. Hernan Cortes: Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztex
Mexico in 15919-1521 for Spain
12. Moctezuma: Last Aztec emperor who was overthrown by the Spanish conquistador
Hernan Cortes
13. Francisco Pizarro: Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru
in 1531-1533
14. Atahualpa: Last ruler emperor of Peru who was executed by the Spanish
15. Marquesas Islands: Islands about 2,200 miles from the coast of South America which
was settled by the Spanish.
16. Thor Heyerdahl: Historian of the sea who argued that Easter Islands and Hawaii were
actually settled from the Americas
17. The Hokula: A 62-foot- long double canoe patterned after old oceangoing canoes
18: Dhows: Sailing vessels which were less difficult and dangerous in ancient times than
elsewhere.
19. The Vikings: The greatest mariners of the Atlantic in The early middle ages. They
used their small, open ships to attack European settlements as well as discovering and
settling island after island in the North Atlantic
20. Al-Umari: was an Arab historian, born in Damascus. al-Umari visited Cairo shortly
after the Malian Mansa Kankan Musa I's pilgrimage to Mecca, and his writings are one of
the primary sources for this legendary hajj.
21. Venice and Genoa: trading states which continued system of alliances with the
Muslims that had given their merchants privilege access to the lucrative trade from the
East.
22. Improved Navigational instruments: Improved navigational instruments include the
magnetic compass which was first developed in China, and the astrolabe which enabled
mariners to determine their location at sea by measuring the position of the sun or the
stars.
23. Sierra Leone: explorers established Sierra Leone as a secure base, the islands where
uninhabited before.
24. Cruzado: A new gold coin use by the kingdom of Portugal. The coin was built
because Portugal was receiving enough gold from Africa.
25. The treaty of Tordesillas: Negotiated by the pope in 1494, drew an imaginary line
down the middle of North Atlantic Ocean. Lands east of the line in Africa and southern
Asia could be claimed by Portugal; lands to the west in the Americas were reserved for
Spain
26. Moluccas: A goal of the Iberian voyages because of its valuable spices gave
Europeans ignorance because it was uncertain which side of the line it was really on.
27. Vasco Nunez de Balboa: He crossed the Isthmus of Panama from the east and sighted
the pacific expedition on the other side.
28. Manikongo: was the title of the rulers of the Kingdom of Kongo, a kingdom that
existed from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries.
29. Queen Helena of Ethiopia: was the wife of Zara Yaqob, and Empress of Ethiopia. She
played a significant role in the government of Ethiopia during her lifetime, acting as
regent or advisor to a number of Emperors.
30. Entrepot: A place where goods are stored or deposited and from which they are
distributed.