Download Basic Biology - Trimester 2 Review Packet

Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
Chapter 1 – The Science of Living Things
Vocabulary:
Biology
Botany
Control
Ecology
Experiment
Genetics
Hypothesis
Law
Microbiology
Scientific Method
Theory
Zoology
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The study of living things is called biology
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All science starts with questions. Answers to these questions are tested with experiments.
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Some scientific ideas have not yet been proven. These ideas are called theories. Scientists test theories to
find out how well they explain things. Theories are different from facts.
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Scientists today use the scientific method to study problems and answer questions. A hypothesis is a
possible answer to a scientific question.
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Most biologists specialize in a specific field. Some of the fields of biology are botany, zoology, genetics,
microbiology, and ecology
Chapter 1 Questions
1. What is biology?
2. Name four things a biologist might study
3. What is an experiment?
4. Why do scientists need to do experiments?
5. What is the difference between a theory and a fact?
6. What is the scientific method?
7. Why is it important to have a control in an experiment?
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
8. What are the five major fields of biology?
9. What are the five steps in the scientific method?
10. Suppose you wanted to gather information about different kinds of birds. What are two places you could
go to find this kind of information?
11. The study of the eating habits of grizzly bears is in which field of biology?
12. Why do you think it is important to have a control as part of an experiment?
13. How could an everyday problem be solved using the scientific method? Give an example in your
answer.
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
Chapter 2 – Characteristics of Living Things
Vocabulary:
Atom
Cell
Compound
Element
Energy
Homeostasis
Molecule
Multicellular
Offspring
Organism
Stimulus
Reproduction
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Living things are called organisms
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Most organisms have seven characteristics in common:
1. The ability to move
2. Use energy
3. Grow and develop
4. Respond to their environment
Unicellular
5. Reproduce
6. Maintain stable body conditions
7. Made of cells
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Living things are made up of elements. Examples of elements found in living things are hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen. A combination of two or more elements is called a compound.
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Elements form compounds. The most common compounds found in living things are carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, and nucleic acids.
Chapter 2 Questions:
1. What is another term for “living thing”?
2. What is energy?
3. Where do you get energy?
4. Where do plants get energy?
5. What is a change in body shape called?
6. What are the seven characteristics of living things?
7. What are organisms called that are made up of just one cell?
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
8. What are four elements found in living things?
9. Name three kinds of organisms that live in your community.
10. Give an example of a way that a plant moves.
11. What are offspring?
12. What are all living things made of?
13. What is an element?
14. What are some elements found in living things?
15. When you are sitting still, what kind of work is your body doing?
16. Explain at least three ways you respond to your environment.
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
Chapter 3 – Cell Structure and Function
Vocabulary:
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Chromosome
Cytoplasm
Meiosis
Mitochondria
Mitosis
Organ
Organelle
Nucleus
Tissue
Vacuole
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Cells are the basic building blocks of life. Some parts of a cell include the cell membrane, the nucleus,
cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuoles, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes.

Plant cells differ from animal cells in three important ways. Plant cells have chloroplasts. Plant cells
have a cell wall. Plant cells have fewer but larger vacuoles than animal cells do.
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A group of cells that work together to do a certain job is called a tissue. A group of tissues that work
together to do a certain job is called an organ.

Cells can reproduce by dividing in two. This process is called mitosis.

Meiosis is a type of cellular reproduction that produces sex cells.
Chapter 3 Questions
1. What are the building blocks in your body?
2. Give an example of how cells are not all alike.
3. What did Robert Hooke see under his microscope?
4. In which part of a cell do most chemical reactions take place?
5. Which part of a cell controls the other parts?
6. Which part of a cell stores wastes?
7. Explain why cells are called the building blocks of life.
8. Name three ways in which plant cells are different from animal cells.
9. What are two different groups that body cells are organized into?
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
10. What are the four stages of mitosis?
11. How is meiosis different from mitosis?
12. Who first used the word cell?
13. What is the thin, protective covering around a cell called?
14. What is the job of the nucleus?
15. What is the function of chromosomes?
16. What do chloroplasts in plant cells do?
17. Why do plants need large vacuoles?
18. What is another word for a group of cells that work together to do a certain job?
19. Why are daughter cells produced by mitosis exactly like the parent cell?
20. What cell part makes proteins for the cell?
21. What kind of cells does meiosis produce?
22. Why are animals not able to make food the way that plants do?
23. Explain how mitosis helps an organism grow.
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
Chapter 4 – Cells and Energy
Vocabulary:
Active Transport
ATP
Cellular Respiration
Chlorophyll
Diffusion
Osmosis
Passive Transport
Photosynthesis
Semipermeable

All living things need energy. All living things get energy from food.

Many materials enter and leave cells through diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a cell
membrane.

Cellular respiration is the process in which cells obtain energy from food. ATP is a compound in a cell
that releases energy. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of cells.

Plants make their own food through photosynthesis. Plants need carbon dioxide, water, and energy from
light to make their own food.

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are related processes.
Questions
1. What do cells need in order to carry out life functions?
2. What is diffusion?
3. Where in the cell does cellular respiration take place?
4. Why does the energy in sugar need to be converted into ATP?
5. What three things are needed by plant cells during photosynthesis?
6. Why do plants need to go through the process of photosynthesis?
7. What two things are produced as a result of photosynthesis?
8. What is the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
9. Where does energy for a cell come from?
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
10. What form of energy is found in food?
11. What two things do cells need in order to go through the process of cellular respiration?
12. How is breathing different from cellular respiration?
13. During photosynthesis, what green substance absorbs energy from the Sun?
14. What are the products of cellular respiration?
15. What are the products of photosynthesis?
16. What type of diffusion takes place when a plant cell absorbs water?
17. What structures in the cell release energy from food?
18. How do you know that your body uses energy while you are sleeping?
19. How do animals and plants differ in the way that they get energy?
Chapter 5
Vocabulary:
Trait
Heredity
Genetics
Gene
Dominant
Recessive
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Homozygous
Heterozygous
Genotype
Phenotype
Punnett Square
DNA
RNA
Pedigree
Mutation
Genetic Engineering
Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. Genetics is the study of heredity. Gregor
Johann Mendel discovered that when he crossbred pea plants, certain dominant traits masked recessive
traits.
Genes contain information about inherited traits. Genes come in pairs. The combination of genes can be
predicted using a Punnett square.
An organism’s genetic information is stored in large molecules called DNA. A DNA molecule controls
the activities of a cell by directing when and how certain proteins will be made.
During sexual reproduction, each parent cell gives half of its chromosomes to the offspring. This way
the offspring has the exact number of chromosomes it should have.
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
 Females have two X chromosomes. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. The genes
for sex-linked disorders are found on the sex chromosomes.
 The methods used to produce new forms of DNA are called genetic engineering. The ability to cause
change in organisms through genetic engineering must be applied wisely.
Questions
1. What is heredity?
2. Describe one way in which Mendel crossbred pea plants.
3. What is a dominant trait?
4. What is the genotype of a heterozygous tall plant?
5. How does a Punnett square show gene combination?
6. How are pink four o’clock flowers examples of incomplete dominance?
7. When does a mutation occur?
8. What is inbreeding?
9. What is hybridization?
10. Why is recombinant DNA and new form of DNA?
Chapter 6
Vocabulary:
Kingdom
Classification
Bacteria
Flagella
Archaebacteria
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Protist
Protozoan
Cilia
Pseudopod
Algae
Fungi
Hyphae
Spore
Viruses are not classified into any kingdom. They are made up of DNA or RNA with an outer coating of
protein. Viruses cause many diseases, including AIDS, mumps, the common cold, polio, and the flu.
Organisms can be classified into six kingdoms: archaebacterial, bacteria, protist, fungi, plant, and
animal.
Bacteria are unicellular organisms without a nucleus in their cell. They can live just about everywhere
on Earth.
Protists are simple organisms that live in water. They have nuclei in their cells. Protozoans are animallike protists. Algae are plantlike protists. Slime molds are fungus-like protists.
The fungus kingdom is made up of mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and mildew. These organisms do not
carry out photosynthesis. They feed on dead organic matter. Most fungi live in dark, warm places.
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
Questions
1. How do scientists group living things?
2. Why are bacteria important?
3. What are the main groups of protists?
4. What types of protists are most like plants?
5. What is a slime mold?
6. What are three examples of fungi?
7. Where do most fungi live?
8. How are fungi different from protists?
9. What are the six kingdoms many biologists use?
10. What are viruses?
11. How does a virus reproduce?
12. Name two ways bacteria are helpful.
13. Name two ways bacteria can be harmful.
14. What are three structures protozoans use to move?
15. How does yeast reproduce?
16. How do mushrooms reproduce?
17. How are fungi different from plants?
Chapter 7
Vocabulary:
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll

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Soil
Loam
Humus
Plants are very important to our lives because they provide food, clothing, shelter, and fuel. Not only do
we eat plants directly, but we eat animals that eat plants. Also, plants release oxygen for people and
other animals to use for cellular respiration.
There are six important characteristics of plants:
1. Plants carry out photosynthesis.
2. Plants are multicellular
3. Plants have specialized cells
4. The cells of plants have cell walls
Basic Biology – Trimester 2 Review Packet (Chapters 1-7)
5. Plants usually stay rooted in one place
6. Plants have three basic parts – roots, stems, and leaves.
 To grow, plants need food, oxygen, and water. They also need light, carbon dioxide, and minerals. The
light usually comes from the Sun. The food comes from photosynthesis. The oxygen and carbon dioxide
come from the air. The water and minerals come from the soil.
 Almost all plants must grow in soil. Soil is made up of rocks, minerals, water, air, and decayed plant and
animal material called humus. For most plants, the best soil is loam, which is a good mixture of sand,
silt, and clay.
Questions
1. What are the components of soil?
2. What is loam?
3. What is humus?
4. What are three reasons why plants are important?
5. What fuels come from plants?
6. What are the six characteristics of plants?
7. Why is plant photosynthesis important to you?
8. What do plants need in order to grow?
9. What do plants get from soil?
10. What things are contained in soil?
11. What is the organic material in soil called?
12. What type of soil is good for many plants?