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Study Guide - Geological Time Name _________________________ Core 1 2 3 _____/ 50 pts. Part A Geological Time Vocabulary: Add the geological term to match the definitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. system of chronological measurement that uses both stratigraphy and radiometric dating to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred throughout Earth’s history is called a method of dating geological or archeological specimens by determining the relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample. The study of rock layers (strata), especially the distribution, deposition, and age of sedimentary rocks. a long and distinct period of history with a particular feature or characteristic; several hundred million years subdivision of an era subdivision of a period extinct marine arthropod that occurred abundantly during the Paleozoic era, with a carapace over the forepart, and a segmented hind part divided longitudinally into three lobes. the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. external skeleton internal skeleton a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena resulting from lithospheric plates that move over the underlying mantle. blue-green algae a group of photosynthetic bacteria which release oxygen into the atmosphere a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that has an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage. Egg layers in water. a cold-blooded vertebrate of a class that includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises. They are distinguished by having a dry scaly skin, and typically laying soft-shelled eggs on land. the state or process of a species becoming extinct, no longer existing on the Earth. a continent which included all the landmass of the earth prior to the Triassic period a plant, such as a pine tree, whose seeds are not enclosed within an ovary, fruit. a plant having its seeds enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant. a warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for the nourishment of the young, and the birth of live young. a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly. 21. Which type of skeleton do our classroom pets have? Include at least 2 in each category. Endoskeleton Exoskeleton Both 22. What is the key difference between angiosperms and endosperms? ____________________________ 23. What is the key difference between amphibians, mammals and reptiles? _______________________ 1 Part B Using a Geological Timelscale Chart: Use Handout I to complete questions 24 24. Create a timeline showing the 4 major eras in chronological order including time spans. Eras Time Span: _________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ 25. Complete the following table: Key Organisms Homo sapiens sapiens Time Period Trilobites Dinosaurs Mammals are dominant life forms Fish were dominant life forms Invertebrates , marine plants Part C Characteristics of Key Geological Eras – Complete the following chart. Geological Era Key Characteristics 26. Precambrian 26. Paleozoic 27. Mesozoic 28. Cenozoic 29. Why are cyanobacteria important? _________________________________________________________________ 30. Why are trilobites such good index fossils? ________________________________________________________ 31. Why is there such a scarcity of fossils from the Pre-cambrian? __________________________________ 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Part D Relative Dating – Complete the following table to summarize the key relative dating principles. Principle Description in Your Own Words 32. Diagram demonstrating the principle. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Superposition Cross-cutting Inclusions Original Horizontality 39. Use relative dating principles to create a relative timeline. _________________________________________________ 40. Which principles did you use in # 39? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 41. Use relative dating principles to create a relative timeline. _______________________________________________ 42. Which principles did you use in #41? 3 _____________________________________________________________________ Part D Absolute Dating: 43. Can you use relative dating principles to determine actual dates? Yes ____ No _____ 44. What technique do geologists use to determine absolute dates for fossils and strata? r_____________________________ t________________________ 45. How long does it take a 100.00g sample of Arsenic to decay to 50g? (The half-life or Arsenic = 33 seconds) 46. How many half-lives does it take a 200 g sample of Arsenic to decay to 25 g? (The halflife or Arsenic = 33 seconds) Use the following table of commonly used isotopes for problems # 47– 49. Radioactive Parent Stable Daughter Product Half Life Values U-238 Pb-206 45 Billion Years U-235 Pb-207 713 Million Years K - 40 Ar-40 1.3 Billion Years C -14 N-14 5730 Years 47. How long would it take for a 50 g sample of K-40 to decay to 50% K-40 and 50% Ar-40? 48. How many half lives does it take a 500 mg sample of U-238 to decay to 125 mg ? 49. How long would it take for 4 half lives to occur for the isotope U-235? 50. How old do geologists estimate the Earth to be? ________________________________ What evidence do they use to support this date? _________________________________________________________________________ 4 5