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教 案 课程名称:植物学(英文) 授课学时:64 授课班级:中加林学 141, 151 任课教师:张启香 浙江农林大学 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Content 1 次课 Chapter 1 introduction(understand) This chapter introduces you to botany: what it is, how it developed, how it relates to our everyday lives, and what its potential is Goals for the future. And understand how humans have impacted their environment, etc. Emphases Early History and Development of Plant Study Nodus Plant Sciences and the Future Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 教学法及 说明事项 Chapter 1 introduction(understand) Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) 理论教学 1.1 Early History and Development of Plant Study The study of plants, called botany----from three Greek words botanikos(botanical), botane(plant or herb), and boskein(to feed) and the French word botanique(botanical). Many inquisitiveness led to plant study becoming a science. 1.2 The First Microscopes First microscope is made by Janssen brothers in 1590, who were opticians in Holland. Light microscopes, provide basic information about cell structure and some of the bodies within cells, the development of electron microscopes has revealed detailed images of tiny structures within cells. 1.3 Diversification of Plant Study Plant study is diversiform, such as Plant anatomy, Plant physiology, Plant taxonomy, Genetics, Cell biology, Economic Botany, etc. 1.4 Plant Sciences and the Future It appears probable that at the start of the 21st century, at least one –third of all the organisms regarded in the past as plants have yet to be named, let alone thoroughly investigated and understood. 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 2 次课 Chapter 2 Cell Content In this chapter, we should understand the history of cell discovery and the development of the cell theory .Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are also understood. And we also Goals master the cell structure and communication and the cell cycle, including interphase as well as mitosis and cytokineses, and concludes with a brief comparison of plant and animal cells. Emphases Cell Size and Structure;Communication Between Cells Nodus Communication Between Cells Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 2 Cell 2.1 Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells (understand) 1 Prokaryotic cells : cells without nuclei and some other features are called prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria. 2 Eukaryotic cells: distinguish from prokaryotic cells, there are nuclei and organelles are called Eukaryotic cells. 3 The homology and difference between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells. 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) 2.2 Cell Size and Structure(understand) 1 cell size: The diameter of most cells is less than 30μm. 2 cell structure Cell wall: It is composed of three parts: middle lamella, primary walls, secondary walls. Plasma membrane: the outer boundary of the living part of the cell. It has delicate, semipermeable structure. The nucleus: it is composed of nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and other materials. Cytoplasm: All cellular components between the plasma membrane and nucleus. Organelles : which are persistent structures of various shapes and size with specialized functions in the cell. 2.3 Celluar Reproduction(understand) 1 The cell cycle: It is divided into interphase and mitosis, and mitosis can be subdivided into four phase: that is, Prophase; Metaphase; Anaphase; and Telophase. 2 The characteries of interphase and mitosis. Interphase These intervals are divided into gap1,synthesis,and gap2. G1:Cell size increase, RNA,riobsomes and substances synthesised; S: DNA and some proteins synthesised; G2:be ready for mitosis. mitosis Prophase : (1) thicker; chromosomes become shorter and (2) the nuclear envelope fragment and the nucleolus disappear. metaphase (1) Spindle appears; (2) The chromosomes arrange in the center of the cell, this invisible circular plate, called the equator. Anaphase (1) Sister chromatids separating; (2) Daughter chromosomes appear, and to be pulled toward the poles. Telophase (1) each group of daughter chromosomes surrounded by a reformed nuclear envelope; (2) the daughter chromosomes become longer and thinner and finally become indistinguishable; (3) nucleoli reappear; (4) many of the spindle fibers disintegrate; (5) a cell plate forms. 2.4 Communication Between Cells(master) Plasmodesmata: minute strands of protoplasm that extend via tiny desmotubules through the walls between cells. 2.5 Higher Plant Cells versus (understand) 1 The structure of Animal cell. Animal Cells 2 The structure of Plant cell. 3 The difference between animal cells and plant cells. 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Content Chapter 3 3 次课 Tissues In chapter 3, we will discussion of meristems(apical meristems, vascular cambium, cork cambium, intercalary meristems) and Goals non-meristematic tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, secretory tissues, xylem, phloem, epidermis, periderm )forms the body. Communication Between Cells; Emphases Nodus Tissue’s Type, Origin, Distribution and Function Communication Between Cells; Conducting tissue Multimedia Teaching facility 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) Chapter 3 3.1 Tissues Meristematic Tissues 1 Apical meristems 2 Lateral meristems Vascular cambium; Cork cambium 3 3.2 Intercalary meristems Nonmeristematic Tissues 1 Simple tissues Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma 2 Complex tissues Xylem Phloem Epidermis Periderm Secretory cells and tissues 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Chapter 3 Content Tissues; Chapter 4 4 次课 Roots In chapter 3, we will discussion of non-meristematic tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, secretory tissues, xylem, phloem, epidermis, periderm )forms the body. In chapter 4, we will discuss roots, beginning with the functions Goals and continuing with the development of roots from a seed. It covers the function and structure of the root cap, region of cell division, region of elongation, and region of maturation. The endodermis and pericycle are also dicussed. Tissue’s Type, Origin, Distribution and Function; Emphases Root Primary Structure and Secondary Structure Nodus Conducting tissue; Teaching facility Root Secondary Growth Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 3 Tissues 3.2 Nonmeristematic Tissues 1 Simple tissues Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma 3 Complex tissues Xylem Phloem Epidermis 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) Periderm Secretory cells and tissues Chapter 4 Roots 4.1 Roots and Root Systems Embryo(胚) 4.2 Radicle Plumule Hypocotyl Cotyledon Roots and Root Systems Normal root Roots Adventitious root Taproot system Root system (根系) Fibrous system 4.3 Root growth and structure (一) Primary growth and primary structure 4.3.1 Root Structure(master) 1 the root cap (1) Short- lived parenchyma cells (2) Protect the apical meristem (3) Secret a slimy substance a slimy lubricant(润滑剂) (4) Perceives gravity and control the direction of root growth 2 the region of cell division Promeristem Initial cells + Quiescent center Protoderm Primary meristem Ground meristem Procambium 3 the region of elongation (1) Cells rapidly grow; (2) There is 1 (or 2) central vacuole in the cell. 4 the region of maturation 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Chapter 4 Content 5 次课 Roots In this chapter, we will discuss secondary structure of the root and specialized roots(food-storage roots, water-storage roots, propagative roots, pneumatophores, aerial roots, contractile roots, Goals buttress roots, parasitic roots) and mycorrhizae are given brief treatment. This is followed by some observations on the economic importance of roots. Emphases Nodus Root Primary Structure and Secondary Structure Root Secondary Growth Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 4 Roots 4.1 Root Structure(master) 1 2 3 4 the root cap the region of cell division the region of elongation the region of maturation The primary structure of root Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Pericycle Primary phloem Primary xylem Pith 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) The secondary structure of root Vascular cambium Origin:1) Parts of the pericycle ; 2) parenchyma cells between the xylem arms and phloem patches. Action: Secondary vascular tissues Vascular cambium Secondary xylem Xylem ray secondary phloem Phloem ray Cork cambium Origin: pericycle Action: Periderm (Cork tissue) Cork (phellem) Cork cambium (phellogen) Phelloderm Root nodule and mycorrhiza Periderm 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Content Chapter 5 6 次课 Stems In this lesson, we will discuss the origin and development of stems. Items such as the apical meristem and the tissues derived from it, Goals leaf gaps, cambis, primary tissues, and lenticels included. This discussion is followed by notes on the distinctions between herbaceous and woody dicot stems and monocot stems. Stem Primary Structure and Secondary Structure Emphases Wood Structure Nodus Teaching facility Wood Structure Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 4 Root 4.2 Specialized Roots(understand) Fleshy tap root Storage root Root tuber Prop root Aerial root Climbing root Respiratory root Parasitic root 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) Chapter 5 Stems 5.1 External Form of a Woody Twig (understand) Node Internode Leaf scar bundle scar Terminal bud buds Kinds of buds Growth habit and types of branching Erect stem Growth habit Climbing stem Voluble stem Stolon Monopodial branching Types of Branching sympodial branching False dichotomous branching 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Chapter 5 Content 7 次课 Stems In this lesson, we will discuss secondary tissues, and lenticels included. This discussion is followed by notes on the distinctions Goals between herbaceous and woody dicot stems and monocot stems. This section covers annual rings, rays, heartwood and sapwood, resin canals, bark, and vascular bundles. Secondary Structure Emphases Nodus Wood Structure Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 Wood Structure 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 5 Stems 5.2 Origin and Development of Stems(master) 1 Primary growth and primary structure (1) Shoot tip Apical meristems Form Leaf primordia 叶原基, bud primordia 芽 原基, leaves The region of cell division Structure The region of elongation The region of maturation (2) Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) Tunica-corpus theory Protoderm Primary meristem Ground meristem Procambium Epidermis Primary structure Cortex Vascular cylinder Primary xylem Fascicular cambium Vascular Bundle Primary phloem Pith ray Pith (3) Primary structure of monocotyledonous stem Epidermis Ground tissue (parenchyma) (Pith cavity) Bundle sheath Vascular bundles Primary xylem Primary phloem Vascular (1) Radiate-root bundle (2) Discrete-shoot of dicots (3) Scattered---shoot of monocots 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Chapter 5 Content 8 次课 Stems In this lesson, we will discuss secondary tissues, and lenticels included. This discussion is followed by notes on the distinctions Goals between herbaceous and woody dicot stems and monocot stems. This section covers annual rings, rays, heartwood and sapwood, resin canals, bark, and vascular bundles. Secondary Structure Emphases Nodus Wood Structure Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 Wood Structure 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 5 5.3 Stems Tissue Patterns in Stems(master) 1 steles 2 Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Stems 3 Woody Dicotyledonous Stems Secondary growth and secondary structure of gymnosperms stem and dicotyledonous woody stem 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) Vascular Cambium Origin: Fascicular cambium + Interfascicular cambium Secondary xylem Xylem ray Vascular Cambium Secondary phloem Phloem ray Cork cambium Origin: pericycle Action: Periderm (Cork tissue) Cork (phellem) Cork cambium (phellogen) Periderm Phelloderm Secondary growth and secondary structure of gymnosperms stem and dicotyledonous woody stem Secondary xylem Annual ring Early wood (spring wood) Late wood (summer wood) Sapwood Heartwood cross section 木材三切面 radial section tangential section 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Content Chapter 5 Stems Chapter 6 9 次课 Leaves In Chapter 5 , we will discuss the Transition zone(过渡区) of root and stem, and Specialized stems. Goals In Chapter 6, we will introduces leaves by comparing them with solar panels and by discussing their general functions, morphology, and dimensions. Emphases Nodus Teaching facility Internal Structure of Leaves Abscission Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 5 Stems Transition zone of root and stem Division Rotation Connection 5.4 Specialized Stems(understand) Stem thorn Aerial stem Stem tendril Fleshy stem Phylloid (cladophyll) Rhizome Underground Stem tube (tuber) Corm 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) Bulb 5.5 Wood and Its Uses(understand) Chapter 6 Leaves 1 Various types of leaves 2 Leaf Morphology 2.1 Leaf Composition 2.2 Leaf morphology 2.3 Single leaf and compound leaf 2.4 Veination 2.5 Leaf arrangement and types—phyllotaxy 2.6 The internal structure of leaves (1) The internal structure of laminas Epidermis (upper, lower) Mesophyll Veins (2) Dorsi-ventral leaf and Isobilateral leaf (A) Dorsi-ventral leaf (B) Isobilateral leaf (Bifacial leaf) 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Chapter 6 Leaves; Content 10 次课 Chapter 7 Flowers, fruits and seeds In Chapter 6, we will introduces abscission, the process by which the leaves are shed is called abscission. Abscission occurs as a result of Goals changes that take place in an abscission zone near the base of the petiole of each leaf. In chapter 7, we will discuss the structure of flower. Differences between dicots and monocots. Development and Structure of Stamen; Emphases Development and Structure of Pistil. Abscission; Nodus Development and Structure of Stamen; Development and Structure of Pistil. Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 6 3 Leaves Abscission (落叶) Abscission zone(离区) Separation layer(离层) Chapter 7 Flowers, fruits and seeds 1 Differences between dicots and monocots Dicots (1) Seed with two cotyledons; (2) Flower parts in four or five; (3) Leaf with a network veins; 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) (4) Vascular cambium and cork cambium present; (5) Vascular bundles of stem in a ring; (6) Pollen grains with three apertures. Monocots (1) Seed with one cotyledon; (2) Flower parts in three; (3) Leaf with parallel veins ; (4) Vascular cambium and cork cambium absent; (5) Vascular bundles of stem scattered; (6) Pollen grains with one aperture. 2 Structure of flowers (1) Incomplete flower A flower which abscent any of the six parts. (2) Complete flower A flower which have the six parts. ①Calyx = Sepals ②Corolla = petals ③ Perianth(calyx and corolla) Dichlamydeous flower Monochlamydeous flower achlamydeous flower ④Gynoecium = pistils Ovaries first developed when the margins of leaves bearing ovules rolled inward. Such ovule-bearing leaves were called carpels. Pistil types Single pistil Apocarpous pistil Compound pistil ⑤Androecium= stamens (3)Inflorescences Inflorescences are groups of several to hundreds of flowers, they have many little stalks called pedicels. (4) Composition of gramineal flower ①Lemma、palea; ②Two lodicules ; ③Three to six stamens ; ④A featherlike pistil 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Chapter 7 Content 11 次课 Flowers, fruits and seeds In this lesson, we will discuss the structure and development of Goals gametophytes. Emphases The structure of carple, ovule, embryo-sac, and male gametophyte. Nodus The structure of ovule, embryo-sac, and pollen grain. Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 7 3 Flowers, fruits and seeds Development of gametophytes 3.1 Development of female gametophyte (1)Stigma and style (2)Development and structure of Ovule Integument、Funiculus、 Micropyle、Chalaza、Nucellus. (3) The development and structure of Embryo-sac Ⅰ The development of Embryo-sac Megasporocyte four megaspores three megaspores degenerate two-nucleared sac Four-nucleared sac eight-nucleared sac Female gametophyte 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班, 2 节) Ⅱ The structure of Embryo-sac Integument, funiculus, micropyle,antipodal, central cell, egg, synergid. 3.2 Development of male gametophyte Microsporocytes quartets of microspores microspores 4 pollen grains Flowering and pollination (1)Flowering (2)Pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma. Self-pollination Pollination types Cross-pollination Anemophilous Pollination medium 传粉媒介 Entomophilous Hydrophily 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 12 次课 Chapter 7 Flowers, fruits and seeds Content In this lesson, will discuss the growth of pollen tube; double Goals fertilization of angiosperm; and the life cycle of a typical flowering plant. Emphases Double fertilization; the life cycle of a typical flowering plant. Nodus Double fertilization; the life cycle of a typical flowering plant. Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 7 Flowers, fruits and seeds 5 Fertilization Fertilization: The fusing of egg and sperm, and the process of froming a zygote. (1)The growth of pollen tube Pollen grain and stigma recognition each other, if they are compatible, the pollen grain will absorb fluids from the stigma. (2)Double fertilization of angiosperm Double fertilization The process of the two sperms in the pollen tube unite with the egg nucleus and the central cell nuclei respectively. 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班,2 节) (3) Life cycle of a typical flowering plant ⅰ) The development and structure of Embryo-sac Ⅰ The development of Embryo-sac Megasporocyte four megaspores megaspores degenerate Four-nucleared sac three two-nucleared sac eight-nucleared sac Female gametophyte Ⅱ Development of male gametophyte Microsporocytes microspores quartets of microspores pollen grains ⅱ) Pollination ⅲ) Double fertilization ⅳ) A zygote develops into an embryo; endosperm nucleus develop into endosperm. ⅴ) ovary develops into fruit; ovule develops into seed. ⅵ) when a seed is plant, it will germinate in suitable situation. ⅶ) and then it will develop into a small sporophyte, when it mature, it will flower, and then begin another cycle. 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 Chapter 7 Content 13 次课 Flowers, fruits and seeds In this lesson, we will discuss Apomixis and Parthenocarpy, Fruits and Seeds. Seed structure of dicotyledon(双子叶植物), Seed Goals structure of monocotyledon (单子叶植物), Germination and development of the seedling of dicot and monocot. Apomixis and Parthenocarpy; Emphases Seed structure of dicotyledon and monocotyledon Apomixis and Parthenocarpy; Nodus Seed structure of dicotyledon and monocotyledon Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 7 Flowers, fruits and seeds (5)Apomixis and Parthenocarpy Apomixis :An embryo develop from a 2n cell of an ovule, instead of from a zygote. Parthenocarpy Vegetative parthenocarpy Stimulative parthenocarpy 5 Fruits and Seeds 5.1 Fruits (1) Fruit regions (2) True fruit and Pseudocarp True fruit : Fruits consist of only the ovary and its seeds. 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班,2 节) Pseudocarp : Fruits consist of ovary, seeds and other adjacent flower parts, such as the receptacle or calyx, etc. (3) Kinds of fruits Simple fruit ; Aggregate fruit ; Multiple fruit . 5.2 Seeds (1) Structure Hilum ; Micropyle Seed coat seed Embryo Endosperm(or not). ⅰ) Seed structure of dicotyledon ⅱ) Seed structure of monocotyledon (2) Germination ⅰ) Germination: the beginning growth of a seed. ⅱ) Dormancy ⅲ) After-ripening: The process that the seeds will not germinate after the fruit has dropped until the embryo has developed fully with the aid of food materials stored in its endosperm. ⅰ) Germination and development of the seedling ⅱ) Germination and development of the seedling 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 14 次课 Chapter 8 Content Plant Groups In this lesson, we will discuss Algae, Fungi, Lichens. and know Goals the major groups and typical plant of algae, fungi and lichens. The species of each group, and the life cycle of a typical species Emphases of every group. Nodus The life cycle of a typical species of every group Teaching facility Multimedia 教 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 教学法及 说明事项 Chapter 8 Plant Groups Teaching and discussion (2 个班,2 节) 教学环节 理论教学 Kingdom Monera (1) Bacteria (2) Blue-green algae Kingdom Protista (1) (2) Eukaryotic cell A single cell 1 1.1 Algae Prokaryotic Algae Cyanophyta , Blue-green algae Cyanobacteria; Blue-green bacteria (1) Form; (2) Structure; (3) Reproduction; (4) Distribution; (5) Representative plants. 1.2 Eukaryotic Algae 绿藻门 1.2.1 (Chlorophyta) 1.2.2 褐藻门(Phaeophyta) 1.2.3 裸藻门 (Euglenophyta) 2 Fungi 2.1 Phylum Chytridiomycota-The Chytrids (壶菌) 2.2 Phylum Zygomycota (接合菌) 2.3 Phylum Ascomycota— The Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi) 子囊菌 2.4 Phylum Basidiomycota 担子菌— The Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi) 2.5 Phylum Deuteromycota— The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)半知菌 3 Lichens (1) Crustose lichens (2) A foliose lichen (3) Fruticose lichens 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 15 次课 Content Chapter 8 Plant Groups In this lesson, we will discuss Kingdom Byrophyte, Ferns Goals and Gymnosperms. Emphases Nodus Byrophyte, Ferns and Gymnosperms Alternation of Generations of Byrophyte, Ferns and Gymnosperms Teaching facility Multimedia 教 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 教学法及 说明事项 Chapter 8 Plant Groups Teaching and discussion (2 个班,2 节) 教学环节 理论教学 4 4.1 Bryophytes Phylum Hepaticophyta 苔纲 ----Marchantia (地钱目) -Liverworts 地钱 4.2 Phylum Anthocerphyta 角苔目 ----Hornworts 角苔 4.3 Phylum Bryophyta 藓纲 ----Mosses 苔藓 (1) Structure, Form, and Classes (2) Sexual Reproduction 5 Ferns Four phyla (1) Phylum Psilotophyta(松叶蕨门) (whisk ferns). (2) Phylum Lycophyta(石松门) (club mosses( 石松 ) and quillworts(水韭) ). (3) Phylum Equisetophyta(木贼门) (horsetails and scouring rushes). (4) Phylum Polypodiophyta(真蕨门) ( ferns). 5.1 Phylum Psilotophyta 松叶蕨门(whisk ferns). 5.2 Phylum Lycophyta 石松亚门 —The Ground Pines, Spike Mosses, and Quillworts (1) Lycopodium-Ground Pines (扁叶石松) (2) Selaginella—Spike Mosses 卷柏 (3) Isoetes — Quillworts (水韭) 5.3 Phylum Equisetophyt —木贼亚门 The Horsetails and Scouring Rushes(木贼) 5.4 Phylum Polypodiophyta 真蕨门 —The Ferns 6 6.1 Gymnosperms Phylum Pinophyta -- The Conifers (1) Structure and Form (2) Reproduction ⅰ) Development of microspores ⅱ) Development of megaspores 6.2 Phylum Ginkgophyta- Ginkgo 6.3 Phylum Cycadophyta -- The Cycads 苏铁 6.4 Phylum Gnetophyta --The Gnetophytes 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 16 次课 Content Chapter 9 Foundation of Plant Taxonomy In this lesson, we will discuss the problems involved in the Goals use of common names for plants; development and acceptance of Linnaeus′s Binomial System of Nomenclature. Emphases Linnaeus′s Binomial System of Nomenclature. Nodus Linnaeus′s Binomial System of Nomenclature. Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 9 Foundation of Plant Taxonomy Plant Names and Classification (1) Many common names may be given to the same organism(synonym). (2) One common name may be applied to a number of different organisms (homonym). 1 Development of the Binomial system of Nomenclature (1) Theophrastus---- 4th-century B.C. on the basis of leaf characteristics. (2) It was not until the 13th century A.D. that a distinction was made between monocots and dicots on the basis of stem structure. (3) By the beginning of the 18th century, details of fruit and flower structure, in addition to form and 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班,2 节) habit, were used in classification schemes. (4) Descriptive Latin phrase names were used for all organisms by the 18th century. All organisms were grouped into, with the first word of the Latin phrase indicating the particular genus to which the organisms belonged. 2 The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature If a botanist finds a plant that is new to science, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature(国 际植物命名法规) requires that he or she take at least two steps to have the plant officially recognized. (1) A Latin description of the plant must be published in a journal or other publication that is circulated and available to the public. Distributed mimeographed material, for example, is not an acceptable form of “publication.” (2) An annotated herbarium specimen of the plant, designated by the author as a type specimen, must be deposited in an herbarium to which the public may have access. 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 17 次课 Content Chapter 9 Foundation of Plant Taxonomy In this lesson, we will discuss the history of the development of a six-kingdom classification is presented, along Goals with a list of the divisions and classes included in the kingdoms covered in this text. Methods of Plant Taxonomy Emphases Morphological terms Nodus Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 9 3 (1) Foundation of Plant Taxonomy Development of the Kingdom Concept Linnaeus Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom (2) J. Hogg and Ernst Haeckel(1860s) Protoctista(e.g., algae, fungi, and sponges) Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom (3) Herbert F. Copeland (1938) Monera (all single-celled organisms with prokaryotic cells) Protoctista (e.g., algae, fungi, and sponges) Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班,2 节) (4) R. H. Whittaker (1969) Monera (all single-celled organisms with prokaryotic cells) Protoctista (e.g., algae and sponges) Fungi (cell wall composition: chitin) Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom (5) Carl Woese (1980s) Bacteria Archaea (lack of walls, muramic acid in their including methane bacteria, salt bacteria, sulfolobus bacteria). Protoctista (e.g., algae and sponges) Fungi (cell wall composition: chitin) Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom (6) James Lake Bacteria Archaea Protoctista (e.g., algae(cell wall composition: cellulose) and sponges(no cell wall)) Fungi (cell wall composition: chitin) Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom (7) 陈世骧 Virus Bacteria Archaea Protoctista (e.g., algae and sponges) Fungi (cell wall composition: chitin) Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 18 次课 Content Chapter Goals 9 Foundation of Plant Taxonomy In this lesson, we discussed Classification of Major Groups Emphases Methods of Plant Taxonomy Nodus Morphological terms Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Chapter 9 1 Foundation of Plant Taxonomy Classification of Major Groups Onion(洋葱) Kingdom 界: Plantae Phylum 门: Magnoliophyta Class 纲: Liliopsida Order 目: Liliales Family 科: Liliaceae Genus 属: Allium Species 种: Alliumcepa L. Salix babylonica L. 垂柳 Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledoneae Order: Salicales 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班,2 节) Family: Salicaceae Genus: Salix Species:Salix babylonica L. 2 Hypothetical derivations and relationships among kingdoms and the major groups of organisms 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 19 次课 Seminar Content Discuss some concepts and questions about root, stem, and Goals leave Emphases Nodus Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Seminar(1) 1 Discuss concepts and questions of flower, fruit, and seed 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班,2 节) 浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》 (英语)教案 第 20 次课 Seminar Content Goals Discuss concepts and questions of flower, fruit, and seed Emphases Nodus Teaching facility Multimedia 教 教学环节 学 过 程 教 学 内 容 提 纲 理论教学 Seminar(2) 2 Discuss concepts and questions of flower, fruit, and seed 教学法及 说明事项 Teaching and discussion (2 个班,2 节)